http://www.designlife-cycle.com/home daily 1.0 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568580436876-82Y057L69N1BVKN9EZ3A/Architecture+Fave+2.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568580517313-S11CQK1FBZ4AFPDBGDPO/Digital+Fave.jpeg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568580643789-LTII7NEH6WF24QRD2CPN/Fashion+Fave+1.png Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568580728423-HB4EVFV5Y78JGQYJK4H7/Furniture+Fave.jpeg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568580798616-9EZ9DGL6KCL4F60LI503/Graphics+Fave+2.png Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568580871063-QA15H2HDF67RWGPIK5E4/Lighting+Fave.jpeg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568581020803-XX789SB3KG9ERAUNFBJ3/Product+Fave+Ziploc.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568581119071-J79H0D65WBLOXWZSNU63/Other+Fave+Cigs.png Home http://www.designlife-cycle.com/polyester daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410477874905-7BFFSR8T0PBGECVQ56RM/image-asset.jpeg Polyester https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362882734-NM8JXV6T6F7RDL5X8BWY/image-asset.png Polyester Figure 1 (from "The Ethylene Chain") https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362923353-IJ416WWQP8DK4QKKIME9/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.48.39+PM.png Polyester https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362940983-CVRK7W4HBO9KHF6977TI/image-asset.png Polyester Figure 2 (from "The Ethylene Chain") https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362970650-F4TRJQ8O7MDCUEL722IU/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.49.27+PM.png Polyester Figure 3 (from "The Ethylene Chain") https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363001799-71F44360AD0PXUJHG64V/image-asset.png Polyester Figure 4 (from UNIDO, “Handy Manual on Textile Industry) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363052796-W22E9FMONF010YD0AOML/image-asset.png Polyester Figure 5 (from Nordic Fashion Industry, “Synthetics in Production” http://www.designlife-cycle.com/synthetic-leather daily 0.75 2014-08-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409100717369-88N9DN48XU8PEG7WFIA9/image-asset.jpeg Synthetic Leather Handbag https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363401201-9MF1PPDYYXG4JPBWDEJH/image-asset.png Synthetic Leather Handbag https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363427754-UED2PX2B7AC665YDSIKV/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.56.49+PM.png Synthetic Leather Handbag https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363460578-UOQQDDZY2EUJQ176IY12/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.57.32+PM.png Synthetic Leather Handbag https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363502301-U3U4IROVPJSQTVP6HHP1/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.57.49+PM.png Synthetic Leather Handbag http://www.designlife-cycle.com/starbucks-paper-cups daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361242241-GX5L8OIF8RXB2W92PWK1/image-asset.png Starbucks Paper Cups http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ikea-self-assembly-process daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409089466920-1EZ0XTPVT8OWW6FXN0YD/image-asset.jpeg IKEA Self-Assembly Process http://www.designlife-cycle.com/aluminum-soda-cans daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236977409-EDPOWAFCSV6ZP1V41TQQ/Aluminum+Can+Full+Size.jpg Aluminum Soda Cans http://www.designlife-cycle.com/spandex daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410477507324-7RXP0OPTFVI2KQAYGSO8/image-asset.jpeg Spandex http://www.designlife-cycle.com/keurig-coffee-machine-k45 daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410478091897-GKH6KMELLNC5ISEW9PTV/image-asset.jpeg Starbucks Breakfast Blend K-Cup https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401494214519-9M6VS9I982Y7HZC9V7VB/image-asset.png Starbucks Breakfast Blend K-Cup Figure 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401494240781-6OZAV1U6FTHH7ZVYMZUN/image-asset.png Starbucks Breakfast Blend K-Cup Figure 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402817285863-VQZSB95N7AM7J49ADPY1/image-asset.png Starbucks Breakfast Blend K-Cup Fig. 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402817308012-H21TOKU21OXMSFMXQUMW/image-asset.png Starbucks Breakfast Blend K-Cup Fig. 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402817356288-UNEW8R7BIDBGOHFZVZ62/Screen+Shot+2014-06-15+at+12.29.02+AM.png Starbucks Breakfast Blend K-Cup Fig. 3 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vinyl-banners daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410483034934-3N5M8RIKDHNCTG4ZDAJ5/image-asset.png Vinyl Banners https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402816842016-7LYZ9YKNSWSUI18YEF8D/image-asset.png Vinyl Banners PVC Process of Environmental Emissions (Figure.1) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/soy-based-inks daily 0.75 2014-09-01 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/printer-ink-cartridges daily 0.75 2014-09-12 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/denim daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361967312-PIZ7VGUBQ773GX6HXABE/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.32.37+PM.png Denim https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361991364-FMZX9VKW29138BGWC7GM/image-asset.png Denim Figure 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362057109-I5ZFOMP0QLOBWH1ANXH9/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.33.40+PM.png Denim Figure 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362072462-S9VY5D8B0T2QFJUVP5VA/image-asset.png Denim Figure 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362085846-VL1ECGPXFNZW7V5XAA5C/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.33.58+PM.png Denim Figure 4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404362102389-USGG3BNV8B73W63G7EE4/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.34.09+PM.png Denim Figure 5 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nike-shoes daily 0.75 2014-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409073229787-1AKG1BBN84AXGJO76RJO/image-asset.jpeg Nike Shoes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lego-bricks daily 0.75 2019-11-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409095188173-WPJ75EIZ45Y0WG23FYF5/image-asset.jpeg LEGO Bricks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360427183-NHKIGM4VPB32PD6CXUH3/image-asset.png LEGO Bricks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360439736-5WXZZYRL424M8KF41N6Z/image-asset.png LEGO Bricks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404359986820-J5VQNNRRGP56LJPXL91Y/image-asset.png LEGO Bricks Figure 1: Illustration of the life cycle of a LEGO product, taken from the LEGO Group’s 2012 Progress Report. This figure only contains elements of the life cycle under the oversight of LEGO Group, and does not include steps covering the acquisition and preparation of the raw materials used by LEGO factories. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360019275-49GVQESA6BE818PCKX0A/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.00.07+PM.png LEGO Bricks Figure 2: Dimensional analysis of the energy involved in the extraction, transportation, and distillation of petroleum, begging with a value of 1,278 MJ/Barrel; data from Glanfield. Strikethroughs represent units that have cancelled out. Top: Conversion of starting data to kWh/kg for petroleum processing. Bottom: Dimensional analysis showing why the kWh/kg values are the same for the processing of both petroleum and petrochemicals, where kWh substance X represents the energy involved in processing substance X. As such, the middle box illustrates the 2% concentration of petrochemicals in petroleum, and the proportional distribution of processing energy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360124372-6BYKMNC715YG3098R6PN/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.01.45+PM.png LEGO Bricks Figure 3: Table showing the starting and calculated values used in the hypothetical distribution chain. Energy (kJ/Metric Ton*km) rates obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy. Distances obtained using Google Maps; distances represent shortest linear distance between points, implying that final energy values are actually underestimates. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/carpet-tiles daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568235451769-A8D7RMYS5FPIEXRS76LT/Carpet+Tiles+Full+Size.jpg Carpet Tiles http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vinyl-wallpaper daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409095182516-DREZRYFSTBUZSELYH3V6/Wallpaper Wallpaper Wallpaper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402815789134-XYBC01AJL6CLUIOEJNJI/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 1: Paper production using wood pulp. Digital image. How Products Are Made. Advameg, Inc., 2014. Accessed March 9, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402815856774-FEXVLVOF0WVNER1PGYNZ/Screen+Shot+2014-06-15+at+12.02.21+AM.png Wallpaper Figure 2: Electrolysis--Extracting chlorine from sodium chloride. Digital image. The Chemistry of Sodium Chloride: Electrolysis. BBC. BBC, 2014. Accessed March 8, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402815935417-NIG6OFZ3GG3YLWYCQB2C/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 3: Ethylene source using ethanol extracted from cane sugar. Martinz, Daniel, and J. Quadros. "Compounding PVC with Renewable Materials." Plastics, Rubber & Composites 37.9/10 (2008): 460. Academic Search Complete. Accessed February 27, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402816047763-WUTHOAMIEPN7RKF9B774/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 4: The Production Process of PVC. Digital image. PVC.org. PVC Europe, n.d. Accessed March 9, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401493307142-L1GS34HL8UF86GWUL7G9/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 1: "How Products Are Made." How Wallpaper Is Made. Volume 3.N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Wallpaper.html#b> https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401493349884-ZTXSCCEHFS78OVKNS8DT/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 2: Chang-Tang Chang & Chyow-Shan Chiou (2006) Assessment of Control Strategies for Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from the Polyvinyl Chloride Wallpaper Production Industry in Taiwan, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401493395699-DD1IWFKOGYJG7X3D18VS/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401493424736-WI5S4TAO6DCFLDYQFANQ/Screen+Shot+2014-05-30+at+4.43.41+PM.png Wallpaper Figure 4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401493478499-PDP9CRC67XU4SYFIL3H1/image-asset.png Wallpaper Figure 5: "How Products Are Made." How Wallpaper Is Made. Volume 3.N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Wallpaper.html#b> http://www.designlife-cycle.com/google-glass daily 0.75 2014-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409069142810-FR9WH8ECIJU2LCIQ8WS1/image-asset.jpeg Google Glass https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402812872525-BPYEEGLMWQ94KBNPGV71/image-asset.png Google Glass Figure 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402812888134-BDP409CE5G15JHW37UXX/image-asset.png Google Glass Figure 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402812903956-FY2I0P4B4Y5IO9HKJ8GZ/Screen+Shot+2014-06-14+at+11.14.13+PM.png Google Glass Figure 3 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/light-transmitting-cement daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409094568394-J8LCEAGCHKRH85VRO8F4/image-asset.jpeg Light Transmitting Cement https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402815417059-2NSIMO2TG71LKZHIS4P7/image-asset.png Light Transmitting Cement Image: transluent concrete in use   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497078309-L6YWUGCARFOQTHNKOW81/image-asset.png Light Transmitting Cement Image 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497114430-MEPC3QT3F4ASNGCZSF5P/image-asset.png Light Transmitting Cement Image 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497149325-0LUZPLCUB9OBLTCZ4PHI/image-asset.png Light Transmitting Cement Image 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497174121-QGYH8Z91EATK6Z4STXA3/image-asset.png Light Transmitting Cement Image 4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497197896-1T5M712YBLI7KX2JXS7I/image-asset.png Light Transmitting Cement Image 5 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plastic-toothbrush daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402813828933-0DIXDTUCKCQ8TY7H8Z5L/image-asset.png Plastic Toothbrush ty Fig 1: Smoke and fire effluent yields from burning PP based materials http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mirrors daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568235834829-UD2J0JQ06URXQ90NL4AH/Mirror+Full+Size.jpeg Mirrors http://www.designlife-cycle.com/chalkboard-paint daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409095365000-HIAX209K0ZK2RQRXKXAC/image-asset.jpeg Chalkboard Paint https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402813923611-C9OI39JFDTEZXWONEBRC/image-asset.png Chalkboard Paint Figure 1 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/kindle daily 0.75 2014-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409087775773-V4JVXTFKKDWOC2GXN34T/image-asset.jpeg Kindle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/walt-disney-concert-hall-la daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409341421339-FY4Q7B51703SMA05JWGR/image-asset.jpeg Walt Disney Concert Hall, LA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402814842345-Q6ZOA6LZDQRYLYEW3B68/image-asset.png Walt Disney Concert Hall, LA Constructing the Walt Disney Concert Hall (Museo Guggenheim, Bilbao, 2010) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/stucco daily 0.75 2014-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401487206320-QTZR1ZEMV1JIFPJ2ATK4/image-asset.png Portland Cement Stucco Figure 1, Portland Cement Processing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401487270621-Y1TNW8X3SNVXXTW1QXWC/image-asset.png Portland Cement Stucco Figure 2, Lime Processing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401490514896-LKDVV0HNEMOW1XQMKSAI/image-asset.png Portland Cement Stucco Figure 3, Sand and Gravel Processing http://www.designlife-cycle.com/eames-chairs daily 0.75 2021-09-28 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cosmetics-packaging daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401486321576-8655IK3XFZ9KE5LLSW2H/image-asset.jpeg Cosmetics Packaging http://www.designlife-cycle.com/stone-slab-countertops daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568235901384-ZZ8K5POK4Y93YYK6EFMZ/stone+slab+countertops+full+size.jpg Stone Slab Countertops http://www.designlife-cycle.com/linoleum daily 0.75 2021-09-28 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fiji-water-bottles daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568237236442-D8WVZPUY7YO6SNDELN73/Fiji+Water+Full+Size.jpg FIJI Water Bottles http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mattresses daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409093753576-6U2RAJ5ELIDVCJ22YVTZ/image-asset.jpeg Coil Mattresses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402813113618-J16NOSGAIELPGNEG5L8L/image-asset.png Coil Mattresses Figure 1--Innerspring/Coil Mattresses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402813146952-88HKYP9ID8JTKOZ0U4AL/image-asset.png Coil Mattresses Figure 2--Recycling/Stripping Materials https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402813190052-L0K81L14BR0GPJCHD8FM/image-asset.png Coil Mattresses Figure 3--Mattresses Waste http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-ipad daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568235968287-4M0RGQPC22QRRTQIV6KT/Apple+iPad+Full+Size.jpeg Apple iPad http://www.designlife-cycle.com/patagonia-wetsuits daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236176396-775OUT3T3P0BUIWAM6KX/Patagonia+Wetsuit+Full+Size.jpg Patagonia Wetsuits http://www.designlife-cycle.com/swiffer-sweeper daily 0.75 2014-05-31 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/leather daily 0.75 2014-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401487081148-R0IWI9YNC8XB27EBGN1Z/Leather+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg Leather https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401490794410-5YMU0SSJWQ0XY3F5O9AK/image-asset.png Leather 1.Dying of leather in foreign country (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leather_dyeing_vats_in_Fes_2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401490854921-MKQMVTP3Q2PKWV3X2NNW/Screen+Shot+2014-05-30+at+4.00.36+PM.png Leather 2. Image of leather waste (http://america.aljazeera.com/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401490910277-2C3COWWHSPQHUNT696UZ/image-asset.png Leather 3. AN ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY AND PROPOSED REMEDIES: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Dr. Javed Ahmad Chattha and M. Mobeen Shaukat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401490951202-6N8YYSJS9SXJY4D2FWJT/Screen+Shot+2014-05-30+at+4.02.23+PM.png Leather 4. Dye formula (http://www.aaqtic.org.ar/congresos/china2009/oralPresentation/1-25.pdf https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402812578059-X9HHMUP5TUB0VJ95WS4M/Screen+Shot+2014-06-14+at+11.09.02+PM.png Leather Figure 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402812603557-SQS5RKSN79UOTFR919FI/image-asset.png Leather Figure 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402812618257-RZ6WY8VNG1Y28LW2Q3AV/image-asset.png Leather Figure 3 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/zippers daily 0.75 2014-09-12 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cellphones daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236016005-68LH1MGXLCPJNXW2X02X/Cellphones+Full+Size.jpg Cellphones http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cork-flooring daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409096983814-7IND0Q2EUV3G46DIBUJZ/image-asset.jpeg Cork Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363900230-XFAB292E254MHN5LEFNP/image-asset.png Cork Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363907784-O85DIAIPEXWGA7OID7GP/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+10.04.15+PM.png Cork Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363917474-YXXQINYA6XBW30M49XLZ/image-asset.png Cork Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363925281-L73SFQPCYIDEPRZH2JYB/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+10.04.30+PM.png Cork Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363937667-S0Z54PWP5F8G09DI5U2M/image-asset.png Cork Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404363948685-VG54R4O94JFOXDRU2EBZ/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+10.04.43+PM.png Cork Flooring http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bamboo-flooring daily 0.75 2014-08-27 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/latex-paint daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568235627035-OLYJ6V5Q9RRTZUMLPXQ3/Latex+paint+full+size.jpg Latex Paint http://www.designlife-cycle.com/camera-lenses daily 0.75 2014-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409700974205-1R6QNB28MUBH5K38AAS1/image-asset.jpeg Camera Lenses http://www.designlife-cycle.com/uggs daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409094855014-LBM6LUEWTQ5OM25UNEWX/image-asset.jpeg Uggs http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hardwood-flooring daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410476936777-IHU8NIY212SWTPCB1KO4/image-asset.png Hardwood Flooring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404364246711-JF45BNB90G09T4SEUDT2/image-asset.png Hardwood Flooring Figure 1: Image adapted from Biomass and Bioenergy, Selected Emissions and Efficiencies of Energy Systems Based on Logging and Sawmill Residues, 2002. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404364194971-7EZQHMVEIH2VNL9W7WFM/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+10.09.11+PM.png Hardwood Flooring Figure 2: Typical Process Material Inputs, Emission and Waste Outputs http://www.designlife-cycle.com/3d-printers-makerbot-pla-filament daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409300735849-NEFDK54WTQFW8CUQ1MBD/image-asset.jpeg 3D Printers - Makerbot PLA Filament http://www.designlife-cycle.com/macbook-pro-2012 daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409094184267-5YD5F9JOM7YTXR4SFVWR/image-asset.jpeg Macbook Pro 2012 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404687154750-CIO4U2AR0BMFUK9FJRI6/Screen+Shot+2014-07-06+at+3.51.51+PM.png Macbook Pro 2012 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404687181005-5YZNFXMJLJJDDR26Y0GA/Screen+Shot+2014-07-06+at+3.52.01+PM.png Macbook Pro 2012 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404687190647-8PRAQEB9LMPBV4H99ZDP/image-asset.png Macbook Pro 2012 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/toms-shoes daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410475767453-RMTU4ZRNAAS3T9OI331T/image-asset.jpeg TOMS Shoes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401494741960-AZ9A7ZGKMAX40CCO554P/image-asset.png TOMS Shoes Figure 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401494760128-YOI4UQ8OCPOEYBNF4RE5/image-asset.png TOMS Shoes Figure 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401494808846-5C1ZYD2A5XOTOKAW2UN8/image-asset.png TOMS Shoes Figure 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401494830721-NWBIHOM9DJD6U51GQAPG/image-asset.png TOMS Shoes Figure 4 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hemp-textiles daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409095247608-NFES2G3OKGN8N792QFRX/image-asset.jpeg Hemp Textiles Hemp https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497523029-T04RPJH7IVY8E7WYLAPT/Screen+Shot+2014-05-30+at+5.51.50+PM.png Hemp Textiles Figure 1 shows the primary energy use for the production of non-renewable materials compared to hemp fibers. The production of hemp fibers shows by far the lowest production energy of all the materials. (See Page 3) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1401497549275-ZE8JCJ375Z2SL3ZCFBTN/Screen+Shot+2014-05-30+at+5.52.29+PM.png Hemp Textiles Figure 2 shows a pie diagram of the energy requirements of different stages in hemp fiber production. It becomes clear that the agricultural inputs of fertilizers and machinery dominate the results by 65 percent. (See Page 3) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sony-playstation-3 daily 0.75 2014-08-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409094971977-1GT197J8NK8DSHSJ8ECF/image-asset.jpeg Sony Playstation 3 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/barbie-dolls daily 0.75 2014-09-11 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/glossy-magazines daily 0.75 2014-08-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409099776492-QYZE04I9O7PAP0QY3DL1/image-asset.jpeg Glossy Magazines http://www.designlife-cycle.com/book-casebinding daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410474322320-0WJECAL7T13J5RAT916P/image-asset.png Book Casebinding https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410474347427-9BEUIBPMSZHV0R8PZK3T/image-asset.png Book Casebinding https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410474366162-SWSA8XFTCZ8Q1LMKVNZ0/image-asset.png Book Casebinding http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hippo-roller daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409678848583-MRMF9RI95AONNZG8PMCD/image-asset.jpeg Hippo Roller http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cardboard-packaging daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236304704-NLOQGMP9CUEUQOMMKHIZ/Cardboard+packaging+full+size.jpg Cardboard Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408901870469-7MKDVDHZTZ97SJFRXF8I/image-asset.png Cardboard Packaging FIGURE 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408901891983-2YYL5IYG3PTSFR0RWHO3/image-asset.png Cardboard Packaging FIGURE 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408901908191-O22CGK1LP86AFY52LSSR/image-asset.png Cardboard Packaging FIGURE 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408901920008-GMJBZMLCJ27SHFDFOKOI/image-asset.png Cardboard Packaging FIGURE 4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408901958701-Y3C1DGMY2NYBSYWBM72F/Screen+Shot+2014-08-24+at+10.37.17+AM.png Cardboard Packaging FIGURE 5 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408901970827-I0ONY2EI1AIMVLSXK5LI/image-asset.png Cardboard Packaging FIGURE 6 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/led-lights daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409099844559-FOSXJFP1UR53OF9ZYJBQ/image-asset.jpeg LED Lights http://www.designlife-cycle.com/brita-filters daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1410482871544-LNZLVIVAPK8EHE1CHV22/image-asset.jpeg Brita Filters http://www.designlife-cycle.com/silk daily 0.75 2014-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409095106633-L11SG989EKH1RI3CZWSJ/image-asset.jpeg Silk Silk http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lithium-ion-based-rechargeable-batteries daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236091381-Q2QU1GIFJ6F0F95YZGHA/Lithium+Ion+Battery+Full+Size.jpg Lithium Ion Based Rechargeable Batteries http://www.designlife-cycle.com/stickers daily 0.75 2014-09-12 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/street-signs daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236884917-B3OX4943AHCDCUFS92VQ/Street+Sign+Full+Size.jpg Street Signs http://www.designlife-cycle.com/neon-lighting daily 0.75 2021-09-28 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/biodegradable-utensils daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568237069287-46O13B622ZS84RHTDMZ7/Biodegradable+Utensil+Full+Size.jpg Biodegradable Utensils http://www.designlife-cycle.com/dvds daily 0.75 2014-12-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418156189049-H9VKNWDYKS8LP1Q73N7M/CD%2FDVD+Life+Cycle DVDs http://www.designlife-cycle.com/crayons daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236444245-1LQ4EYQU9AVUGGNTU9IY/Crayons+Full+Size.jpg Crayons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402814540146-RRFND3RUKY729F4S72TZ/image-asset.png Crayons Figure 1 http://www.crayola.com/~/media/Images/co2e.jp https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402814588793-5Z833H3CW1VZ0GVN4CNN/image-asset.png Crayons Figure 2 http://www.crayola.com/~/media/Images/solids.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1402814613699-B0DW6OMRVG790GM4105E/image-asset.png Crayons Figure 3 http://www.crayola.com/~/media/Images/water.jpg http://www.designlife-cycle.com/skis daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409114960396-2ZR4Q3GT7K7HX6UK7MT4/Skis%2BLife%2BCycle%2BPoster.jpg Skis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360734945-JCJVBLDVQDUBUP70S6CG/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.12.06+PM.png Skis Photo by Max Connor https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360798419-5MMS489DXG7KZFG0IXLR/image-asset.png Skis Image 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360813405-5LQNJJGLAOL64VIQ10GR/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.12.57+PM.png Skis Image 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360825485-VR56C9O2BBXMVNGS995A/image-asset.png Skis Image 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404360590430-ANYEX0ZJSI54DY9SGJ5N/image-asset.png Skis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361088012-WTTZWDS4CNY9R4QZB9EJ/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.17.49+PM.png Skis http://www.designlife-cycle.com/toyota-prius daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409095485554-4BE04JB3OKV9GJZTD1MU/Toyota%2BPrius%2BLife%2BCycle.jpg Toyota Prius https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361454026-CHKD70RY19153G3QXJCJ/image-asset.png Toyota Prius Figure 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361491408-GN2DLXPF9TVTGYVMVFTV/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.24.47+PM.png Toyota Prius Figure 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361515690-Q1SHPEV4T7GM2S4XROSK/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.25.09+PM.png Toyota Prius Figure 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1404361534103-QBX9UU4ORLSAXIQ88071/Screen+Shot+2014-07-02+at+9.25.27+PM.png Toyota Prius Figure 4 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/white-paper daily 0.75 2014-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409092988014-650XG1WUYKB2MY6PQJRN/image-asset.jpeg White Paper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911645574-DH0LZHMVKLIW60WJUNT5/image-asset.png White Paper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911733406-RGQGIUO7SNNXHG55YEBU/image-asset.png White Paper Table 1: Paper Manufacturing Process https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911823271-YLF8X620FM5Q906FN63V/image-asset.png White Paper Figure 1: Transportation of paper manufacturing materials and products. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911202121-HTGRYIG0VJUO5KPY071F/image-asset.png White Paper (Rydholm, 1) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911226900-XFOLHWIWOHL2FLKVV2N8/image-asset.png White Paper (“EPEC,” 2) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911246665-6105QJHGF4486NHRL78U/image-asset.png White Paper (“Electrolysis of Brine,” 3) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911267450-6NI6J8WXMYS9CNL9J4NF/image-asset.png White Paper (“Connexions,” 4) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911293863-JJAGWEI65EXOFLC6IQFU/image-asset.png White Paper (Rydholm, 5) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911318425-0W37A2J1AFSJ6UKB1JJ6/image-asset.png White Paper (“Sodium Production,” 6) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911345328-6I71VJ8A0JK3EZ7G9OK4/image-asset.png White Paper (Rydholm, 7) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911374708-RXFL2TNM5B33J91NHBG5/image-asset.png White Paper (Rydholm, 8) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/about daily 0.75 2018-03-15 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/highway-billboards daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236561449-JW39TVBMQ7JWYV1MVPEZ/Highway+Billboards+Full+Size.jpg Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900678961-Q7B3Z4YOL3COH0RDN18F/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900707235-B0T54K8U2GEW9E1CR5P4/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900720981-FEY7YR9PMYEHU47SN015/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900736484-EJ474IVS04S4WC8AJRLA/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900748034-1L3TK5YK0YAHI8BN9RUQ/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900767221-QPF015DWDAMI61419G9W/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900782630-VXYEMBPAT8VCS6FOW0MO/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900799911-S7HT3HM107N5I2ALIT6A/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900822200-MLB4HQPNNLM6LBC9BFKU/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408900836995-CL71Y75J479YW32NWEQF/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897743972-4425HTOULYEPJJCWMWUO/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit A https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897783068-JN0TUM01RSGY9QAW41ZF/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit B https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897826875-1T0JDD7GYH73VXPYPUXU/Screen+Shot+2014-08-24+at+9.11.03+AM.png Highway Billboards Exhibit C https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897856216-JFTBIEHM9NN8IQPJRJVA/Screen+Shot+2014-08-24+at+9.11.10+AM.png Highway Billboards Exhibit D https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897876162-X4QTHYOSA6OG4J5ICXCI/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit E https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897901678-YKG6HAI4GBGR6KY6ZCO8/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit F https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897925201-PA9S8LV7GXWKEUVI28JT/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit G https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897947505-XPNEIMTDN0IQGEOWRB08/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit H https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897974505-2FWVP5E2J1AW7HRFO17J/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408897999627-I3NXUPV0DLVPYD4M5Q8Z/image-asset.png Highway Billboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408898037118-8NLTMEVOTKSG21TQQ7HE/image-asset.png Highway Billboards Exhibit M http://www.designlife-cycle.com/contact daily 0.75 2018-03-15 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/junk-mail daily 0.75 2014-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409100196483-G36NGPK5T0Q5S7SMIY51/image-asset.jpeg Junk Mail https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408910133237-0QNBBD48EF04USLM13X7/image-asset.png Junk Mail https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408910151980-NNAUOMO1CQ3MK9PKDUQH/image-asset.png Junk Mail http://www.designlife-cycle.com/newspapers daily 0.75 2014-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1409097663256-LTK46KRYOAVBQCP3LCRU/image-asset.jpeg Newspapers http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plastic-dry-foodsnack-packaging daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568236778973-SN4J23M26F86XGWDTNOK/Plastic+Dry+food+packaging+full+size.jpg Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911042551-3V5BXK1QNE32XULE9Q34/image-asset.png Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408911013978-S60KKK2GHY7ZL8I4DQBC/image-asset.png Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408910987773-WTDVRIYDNH7ME9QTKLJY/image-asset.png Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408910962846-7I12DFA1KDU9Z0BDV7N2/image-asset.png Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408910923845-PHYAZUF9HKK4LZXS6HZU/image-asset.png Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1408910898435-GVC74HLSG83T0VPIYKDW/image-asset.png Plastic Dry Food/Snack Packaging http://www.designlife-cycle.com/post-it-notes daily 0.75 2014-12-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418023596417-IA7IGSKQH65BT2ACUGJB/postitnotelifecycle.png Post-it Notes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/landmine daily 0.75 2014-12-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418288757731-BV0TCCKLLORHO6T3CTDW/Logo.png Landmine https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418288942832-B0DWQV3YJ0VM5KWJM6LX/image-asset.png Landmine Danielle Wenocur Professor Christina Codgell Design 40A A03 December 11, 2014 Word Count 1684 Landmines and Their Hidden Costs Every year, 15,000 to 20,000 people are killed by landmines, and countless more are maimed or injured (UN, Demining). There are some seventy-eight countries in the world that are home to the landmines that are responsible for such deaths and injuries. Some of these landmines pay homage to wars finished decades ago, while other countries continue to build and plant landmines. Most of the landmine-related deaths are of non-combatants and civilians. Many of the countries whose civilians suffer landmine related death and injury are third-world, poor countries that don’t have the wealth to either care for their people or make headway with demining. By illuminating the raw materials of landmines, their costs, and juxtaposing them with materials and costs of demining with the economic power in the countries stricken with landmines and their horrendous effects, it will be widely apparent why the statistics are so staggeringly high in landmine-related deaths, and that solving such a problem isn’t necessarily straightforward or easily-implemented. The first piece of the puzzle is examining the raw materials in landmines, how they’re obtained, and their relative costs. Simply put, landmines are deadly explosives that are either designed to target people (anti-personnel landmines) or tanks (Anti-tank landmines) that are triggered by pressure (i.e. stepping on them) or by tripwire (Kevin Bonsor, How Landmines Work, Howstuffworks.com). Although it is cheap to make a landmine, it is an involved device and has multiple components, made out of wide-ranging materials, all of which need to be processed. The components of a landmine comprise a Belleville spring, which is a piece of steel curved into a doughnut-like shape; black powder, which essentially gunpowder, comprising potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, sulfur and charcoal; a delay element, a chemical compound that burns for a finite amount of time before igniting a fuse; the detonator, which is a small amount of explosive that is used to ignite a larger portion of explosive—types of explosive can vary; the firing pin, which is a metal pin that is forced down into the detonator when the landmine is activated to force it to detonate—it is often made of pure Iron, or a Tin-Antimony alloy (Dr. Elizabeth A. Johnson, JMU.edu); the fuse, which is another combustible material which is utilized for the purpose of igniting an explosive charge; the main charge is the main explosive component in the landmine that causes it to detonate when activated, it generally made out of TNT, RDX (also known as cyclonite), Tetryl, Picric Acid, Plastic Explosive, or Nitromethane (Explosive Contents of Mines, nolandmines.com). Also, there is the percussion cap, which is a chemical compound that explodes when you apply pressure to it—it is usually made out of copper or brass (Sam Fedala, The Complete Blackpowder Handbook); the pressure plate, which is a metal disc on top the mine that when it’s stepped on, depresses and triggers the detonation mechanism in the landmine; projectiles, which are generally metal balls or glass shards, which are utilized to increase injury to victims—the metal casing of the landmine can also function as a projectile; the propelling charge is the small quantity of explosive set underneath the landmine in order to propel the landmine into the air when activated; and finally, the safety pin is a piece of metal inserted in the mine in order to prevent its being activated when it’s not in use (Kevin Bonsor, How Landmines Work, Howstuffworks.com). The landmine, in addition to having a wide range of chemicals, metals, and explosives in its construction, has raw materials that come from all over the world. Beginning with the Belleville spring, steel is an alloy of carbon and Iron. The majormanufacturers of steel include the company Arcelor Mittai in Luxemborg, Nippon Steel &Sumitomo Metal in Japan, Hebei Iron and Steel, Baosteel Group, and Wuhan Iron and Steel, allin China. (worldsteel.org). The steps, according to the world Steel organization, involve ironmaking, which involve blasting iron, ore, coke, and lime in a furnace, primary steelmaking, whichdiffers depending on the method used (BOS or EAF) to convert the iron into steel, Secondary steelmaking involves treating the steel to adjust the composition, and is followed by continuous castingto solidify the molten steel, the primary forming to shape the metal, and finally the manufacturing. Asfor the gunpowder, the biggest natural sources of sodium nitrate are found in Peru and Chile. However,German scientists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch invented the Haber process, which produces ammonia, andlater, used this process to extract a synthetic substitute for Sodium Nitrate, which is still used ingunpowder in modern times (Stephen R. Bown, A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamites, Nitrates andthe Making of the Modern World). As for charcoal, a wood charcoal is used for the most powerful blackpowder. Additionally, the tin-antimony alloy found in thefiring pin is composed of tin and antimony. Thelargest producers of antimony, according to the US Geological Survey in 2010, are the People’s Republicof China, with a large lead of 88.9%, followed by South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, and Tajikistan(usgs.gov). Tin, of course, must be extracted. From naturally-occurring ores. Productionmethods include carbothermic reduction of the ore by way of carbon or coke most commonly( Schrader, George F; Elshennawy, Ahmad K; Doyle, Lawrence Manufacturing processesand materials). These wide-ranging metal components are only one piece of the puzzle. The other set of components, the explosives, are generally lab-manufactured. TNT has been ,for many years, the most common explosive used in landmines. TNT, invented in the 1860’s by a German chemist, is still used widely by the US military today. It is created in a labwith a multiple-step process that first creates what is called mononitrotoluene by way ofnitration, among other steps. RDX, which is a relatively new explosive, can be made using either the Woolwich method (British method or the Bachman method (the United States), theformer of which utilizes beeswax. According to R.J. Hudson’s of Cranfield Univesity Thesis, Investigating the Factors Influencing RDX Shock Sensitivity, “[RDX] has an explosive power greatly exceeding that of TNT, having a power index of 159 compared to 117 for TNT”. (Hudson, R. J. Investigating the Factors Influencing RDX Shock Sensitivity. CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERNING). Yet, with all the widespread sources, coming from countries and labs all over the world, the cost of building landmine is about $3 USD, and it costs about $1000 per landmine to demine(Clark Boyd, Wind-blown Landmine Clearance, bbc.com). The costs of demining are staggering, with demining costs outnumbering production costs by a factor of about 300. The current methods for demining include Manual Demining, which comprises using humans with metal detectors to scan a minefield. This is majorly problematic because not only is it dangerous and expensive, but an estimated one third of landmines are metal-free. (Maki K. Habib, Mine Clearance Techniques and Technologies for Effective Humanitarian Demining, jmu.edu). Another method employed is the use of animals. Dogs are known to be by far the most common animals for mine detection. However, rats are most likely the most effective means of landmine detection by way of animals. There are also machine-based demining methods, including mechanical demining by use of military devices, which force the landmines to detonate. However, the disadvantages include the very narrow conditions under which these machines will operate, such as the logistics of transporting large machines to remote areas, protection against dust particles, narrow temperature and humidity conditions for operation, etc. Additionally, these machines are not cheap, hence the statistics. As the situation stands, demining has severe economic and operational barriers to overcome. As far as demining is concerned on a practical level, the countries that have the greatest concentrations of landmines are third world countries, such as Afghanistan, Angola,Cambodia, Iraq, and Laos (care.org, Facts about Landmines). In addition to the stark economic conditions in these countries, a huge factor contributing to landmine production and planting isthe terrorist warfare against civilians and between terrorist groups. In fact, the Landmine is classically known as a weapon used in terrorist acts since World War II, where it was used as aweapon of traditional warfare. Of course, although governments may sign on to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), terrorist groups don’t conform as such. However, the bleak prospects of demining may take a turn for the better, as thereare now newer, cheaper, more easily installed methods of demining being developed. Scientists are now engineering a string of bacteria known as bioreporters, that glow when TNTis present. As of yet, they are not capable of detecting RDX, which is currently a shortcoming, given the prevalence of RDX in explosives. Additionally, honey bees have been discovered to track mines more effectively, and with less training and more accuracy than dogs or rats, andwould be cheaper to raise and deploy, by product of their size. In the realm of plants, the mustard species, Arabidopsis thaliana is found to change color when come into contact with chemical agents. Danish researchers have engineered these plants to change color whencoming into contact with nitrous oxide. When fully developed, they can be dropped from aircraft or planted in suspected minefields (Canadian International Demining Corps, Researcheson Biological Methods Used in Mine Detection and Removal). In conclusion, there is a tangled web that the use and deployment of landminesweaves in the fabric of third world society. It is an unfortunately complex situation due to the many deaths that it causes, even after the conflict is long over and the complications thatremoval entail. Politically, there are also huge barriers to overcome, aside from the lack of economic wealth in the affected countries, specifically that of terrorist-related manufacture, acquisition, and use against civilians. Although the problem is not likely fixed in the near future, the steps being taken to decrease the costs of demining make the prospects look just a little brighter for the future, and perhaps in a few decades, these destructive weapons will be a faint memory in the history of warfare.   Works Cited Bonsor, Kevin. "How Landmines Work." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Bown, Stephen R. A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamite, Nitrates, and the Making of the Modern World. New York: T. Dunne, 2005. 157. Print. Boyd, Clark. "Mine Kafon: Wind-blown Landmine Clearance." BBC Future. BBC, 4 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. "Canadian International Demining Corps." Canadian International Demining Corps. Canadian International Demining Corps, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. "Explosive Content of Mines." Explosive Content of Mines. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. "Facts About Landmines." CARE. N.p., 16 Oct. 2003. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. "Global Issues at the United Nations." UN News Center. UN, 2008. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. Habib, Maki K. "Mine Clearance Techniques and Technologies for Effective Humanitarian Demining, by Maki K. Habib (6.1)." Mine Clearance Techniques and Technologies for Effective Humanitarian Demining, by Maki K. Habib (6.1). Journal of Mine Action, Apr. 2002. Web. 11 Dec. 2014 Hudson, R. J. Investigating the Factors Influencing RDX Shock Sensitivity. CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Feb. 2012. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. Johnson, Dr. Elizabeth A. "Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines." Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines. James Madison University, 7 Mar. 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. Schrader, George F., Ahmad K. Elshennawy, and Lawrence E. Doyle. Manufacturing Processes & Materials. Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2000. Print. "Welcome to the USGS - U.S. Geological Survey." Welcome to the USGS - U.S. Geological Survey. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. "World Steel Association - Home." World Steel Association - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.   http://www.designlife-cycle.com/violin daily 0.75 2014-12-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418349921403-RO7H8KV8YLKHSIRWLEIZ/Violin+Poster.jpg Violin http://www.designlife-cycle.com/birkenstock daily 0.75 2014-12-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418065632372-UQQJHLO24C0FNN1MBER5/Birkenstock+poster Birkenstock https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418064105449-54J4T8IUUEWQZKEKNLY5/energy+graph Birkenstock https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418064152784-2MWQPVZP8CI8X8DEU1I2/energy Birkenstock http://www.designlife-cycle.com/klean-kanteen-life-cycle daily 0.75 2014-12-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418158774976-UUG8NB5ETBYE7IQ7IM4J/Klean+Kanteen+Life+Cycle Klean Kanteen http://www.designlife-cycle.com/surfboards daily 0.75 2014-12-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418176115340-F9IRZKSV5Z3WD2KVQ5H5/image-asset.jpeg Surfboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418106885926-Q2OOFJL0EQIO93DKZUHV/image-asset.png Surfboards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418106942755-I3C3BOM4L3MGPS9NGWU6/image-asset.png Surfboards http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tnt daily 0.75 2014-12-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418114830871-MNV5NBYQ889Y9UYD09I6/20141209_002903_resized.jpg TNT http://www.designlife-cycle.com/copper-tubing daily 0.75 2014-12-10 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/behr-oil-based-interiorexterior-primer-and-sealer daily 0.75 2024-06-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418146552728-6RBTBS2D27MRGGQ4FM6P/image-asset.jpeg BEHR Oil Based Interior/Exterior Primer and Sealer http://www.designlife-cycle.com/california-academy-of-sciences-life-cycle daily 0.75 2014-12-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418173866106-K90S1ADFXALHJA0MXXL4/image-asset.jpeg California Academy of Sciences Living Roof Life Cycle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/wind-turbines daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568237410829-ZYZFT99M5RNRM22M222Q/wind+turbine+full+size.jpeg Wind Turbines http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disposable-diapers daily 0.75 2014-12-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418176124024-7Y4A711GCL4JUT44CSYI/image-asset.jpeg Disposable Diapers http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tiffany-diamond-ring daily 0.75 2014-12-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418173269922-WE7IM81V8RTL3VYWOBMH/image-asset.jpeg Tiffany Diamond Ring http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vinyl-records daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568237288359-64PHS8EHCXCCB45354Q4/vinyl+records+full+size.jpeg Vinyl Records http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fluorescent-lights-lifecycle daily 0.75 2014-12-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418341772423-EVM3ASE4SILNK3EW6R8A/fluorescentlights_D.Liu%26A.Chang+%282%29.jpg Fluorescent Lights http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pneumaticcartire daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418356398358-AQLF8GDL0ZFEH16A1LF6/Modern+Pneumatic+Car+Tire+Life+Cycle Pneumatic Car Tire http://www.designlife-cycle.com/condoms-life-cycle daily 0.75 2014-12-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418504468844-Q26IVMPQGZU0221V32X7/Condoms+Life+Cycle.jpg Condoms http://www.designlife-cycle.com/synthetic-rubber-eraser daily 0.75 2014-12-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418260058129-2RYF971PSGG3XNKZO5I3/Synthetic+Rubber+Eraser+Life+Cycle Synthetic Rubber Eraser http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bullet daily 0.75 2014-12-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418316491333-1OJIFB99GSLOK1ZA4GYY/9mmFMJBullet 9mm FMJ Brass Cased Bullet http://www.designlife-cycle.com/us-penny daily 0.75 2014-12-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1418362132277-3SUAKI2O28DXGZGG7MJU/uspennylifecycle.jpg Lifecycle of the U.S. Penny http://www.designlife-cycle.com/carmex-lip-balm-life-cycle daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457897311771-6GEDHKEEZWDLXKYYBEXX/image-asset.jpeg Carmex Lip Balm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457897222251-KQM2D9SR1P2OGSSRMDPR/image-asset.jpeg Carmex Lip Balm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457897199095-CPDAXFGT8ERXNAQWZH85/image-asset.jpeg Carmex Lip Balm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457897140972-B01XNG89W431X3Q9KNA3/image-asset.jpeg Carmex Lip Balm http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bicycle-helmets daily 0.75 2016-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457753440874-M8A164E1TEWFK2H3DEP9/Bicycle+Helmet+Life+Cycle Bicycle Helmets Melissa Anderson Professor Cogdell DES40A 14 March 2016 Life Cycle of a Bicycle Helmet: Materials Bicycle helmets are products that serve one purpose: to protect your head from any oncoming accidents while on your bike. However, have you ever stopped to think what goes into your helmet? In the lifecycle of a bicycle helmet, there are many raw materials that go into their creation. The manufacturer’s choices of materials will determine the material’s paths; including where these materials come from, their manufacturing processes, how long they retain functionality within the product, and where they end up. The raw materials that go in the helmet are plentiful, including many raw materials made to create secondary raw materials that are actually used in making the helmet, such as EPS foam. One of the main components of the helmet is the liners. The liners of a helmet normally contain EPS foam, or expanded polystyrene foam ("How Bicycle Helmets Are Made"). EPS, in turn, is made from styrene, also known as ethylbenzene. Styrene is “a colorless, oily liquid” which occurs naturally in plants like peanuts and coffee beans (U.S. Department of Energy) (“The Safety of Styrene"). However, the production of styrene is quite different, as they form the ethylbenzene compound by combining ethylene and benzene through a chemical reaction using a catalyst like aluminum chloride. Benzene and Ethylene are parts of crude oil, like petroleum or coal, and normally come from petrochemical industries such as oil refineries. Once combined into ethylbenzene, they will transform it into styrene by either using heat or an initiator of the reaction in order to dehydrate it into styrene. Finally, with the styrene, you can create the polystyrene beads through a polymerization process where “tiny drops of the monomer (in this case, styrene) are completely surrounded by water and a mucilaginous substance. Supporting and surrounding the styrene globules, the suspension agent produces uniform droplets of polystyrene” (How Products Are Made). Once the polymerization is finished, the beads are washed and dried, ready to be sent to helmet manufacturers who produce the EPS foam (How Products Are Made). Within the liners are also interior reinforcements to reinforce the EPS foam, which are also formed using secondary raw materials. It is normally buried within the EPS foam and unknown by the public how they integrate it within the mold for the EPS foam. However, it is known that this reinforcement is made either of nylon, polypropylene, or metal (, although the type of metal is unknown). Even so, nylon and polypropylene are both secondary raw materials used for the reinforcement for the EPS foam and the ribbons that are later sewn together to create the straps of the helmet ("How Bicycle Helmets Are Made"). Nylon is a polymer that is formed using adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Adipic acid is made from ketone-alcohol oil and “is oxidized using nitric acid to produce adipic acid” (The Chemical Company). Hexamethylenediamine is made from hydrogenation of adiponitrile, an organic compound made from more hydrogenation of butadiene, using nickel as a catalyst (Corn). Essentially, these materials originated within petrochemical industries, and undergo many processes before reaching their aimed product (AOGHS). In order to create nylon, the adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine combine through condensation polymerization, where the water is taken out and a chain of the polymer is created. The sheet/ribbon of nylon is then taken and cut into chips to either mold or melt and pull it through a spinneret turning it into stringed nylon (Woodford). Polypropylene, however, goes through a different process than nylon does. It’s made from propene, which can come from gas oil or propane from the petrochemical industries too. It can be made using Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which they add “titanium(IV) chloride and an aluminium alkyl, such as triethyl aluminium” (Poly(propene)…). The propene undergoes two processes, the bulk process and the gas process. The bulk process involves polymerization of propene, which includes heating to “a temperature of 340-360 K and pressures of 30-40 atm… …After polymerization, solid polymer particles are separated from liquid propene, which is then recycled” (Poly(propene)…). After the polymerization, it goes through the gas process where “A mixture of propene and hydrogen is passed over a bed containing the Ziegler-Natta catalyst at temperatures of 320-360 K and a pressure of 8-35 atm” (Poly(propene)…). After this, the resulting product of the refined polypropylene, ready to be turned into polypropylene fibers or molded. The shell of the helmet is another part in which uses a secondary raw material: PET plastic. PET is short for polyethylene terephthalate, otherwise known as polyester. PET is made from materials in crude oil and gas (PET Resin Association). Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, which are both raw materials, are both materials from there as well, used in order to create PET (PETRA). Ethylene glycol is made through ethylene oxide, in which it reacts to water through an acid based catalyst. Terephthalic acid is made when combining paraxylene, which is a product from petroleum, and acetic acid, otherwise known as vinegar (Hitachi). So, after all of these raw materials have been prepared to create the Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, they combine them to create PET pellets, which then are heated to form thin PET sheets, which will soon be ready to go through helmet processing (PETRA). After being able to acquire the materials to make a helmet, there are several processes that go into manufacturing the helmet as well as other materials. Typically, helmets are created starting from the outer shell, so you begin with a sheet of PET plastic. With this, helmet manufacturers first come up with a design, done by hand or computer aided, in which they add color to a designed template, and allow them to dry (How It’s Made). Unfortunately, I was unable to discover a source of what type of paint/ink they use for the bicycle helmets; however, the paint must be compatible with the plastic so that it would not eat away it ("Painting a Bicycle Helmet"). After they print out the complete sheet, the helmet must be molded. To mold, the printed PET sheet is placed in a heat former and then heated to help it form into the shape of the mold. When the shells are cooled, they cut them into their helmet shapes using machinery, leaving the end product of the helmet shell with trimmed ventilation openings to be later attached with the lining. Next is the preparation for creating the EPS foam for the helmet. The polystyrene beads must first be fluffed up in order to expand themselves before being placed in the mold for the liner. Afterwards, the PET shell, the inside lined with glue, and now expanded polystyrene beads get baked together in the helmet mold (along with any potential interior reinforcement), becoming a proper helmet (“How It’s Made Bicycle Helmet”). Not all helmets are made this way since liners can be attached to the shell without the use of glue, but I was unable to find anything about this process. The glue that manufacturers most likely use though, and recommend to others, is called 3M Super 78 adhesive, which is a spray/aerosol adhesive (“Bicycle Helmet Repairs”). Unfortunately, I couldn’t find the materials that go into this specific adhesive either, but I do know that it bonds polystyrene with other materials strongly, it is heat resistant, and it won’t degrade EPS or polystyrene in general (Menards). After attaching the liner to the shell, the straps must be added to complete it. Generally they use either nylon of polypropylene for this material, and in the video they specifically mentioned the process for nylon ("How Bicycle Helmets Are Made"). The straps in this process are sewn together through a machine and then experts assemble the straps to accommodate for the different size heads (How It’s Made Bicycle Helmet). Then they begin to cut out foam padding for size and comfortability adjustments. This padding is created from ultracel foam, made from “BiOH polyols, a soybean derivative” in which is created by placing soybean oil through a carbon filter (Best Deals) (Simplicity Sofas). After cutting the pieces of padding for these helmets, they are placed inside the helmet using Velcro. Velcro is created form nylon and polyester, and so they attach it to the adjustment pads and the inside of the helmet (“Velcro Fasteners…”). Then all that’s needed is to insert the straps, and the helmet is ready to be sold and used (“How it’s Made Bicycle helmets”). After building the helmets, they must be transported and distributed to consumers of the product. The focus is not only upon the transportation of the helmets, but the raw materials to create them too. Much of the raw materials to create helmets come internationally, and after doing a quick google search I’ve found only sites and areas of mainly China and India being the suppliers and sellers of these raw materials. International trading is most likely done using ships, as it cuts freight costs although ships normally run on engine oil/bunker fuel (International Chamber of Shipping). This type of fuel is “a type of liquid fuel which is fractionally distilled from crude oil” (McMahon). It is also one the densest fuels around, and has been known to create oil spills (McMahon). Other methods of transportation may include commercial trucks and freight trains. Both use up diesel fuel, but trains are a lot more efficient (CSX Corporation Inc.). Diesel fuel is described to be “a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained by distillation of crude oil” (Majewski). The fuel grades may also be different depending on what countries they come from (Majewski). When it comes to use, reuse, and maintenance of a helmet, there are not many materials that are involved with or in maintaining it. Maintaining the helmet is fairly simple, and there are certain parts that are replaceable including the adjustment foam pads and Velcro on the inside. The buckles of the straps in the helmet can be replaced too. With the straps, you may be able to contact the manufacturer to have them fix it, but it may be unlikely this will happen. However, certain parts, if cracked or broken, will render your helmet as unusable. These breakages include cracks within the liner, shell, and broken straps (“Bicycle Helmet Repairs”). With a broken helmet, you can disassemble it so that you can reuse parts, such as the EPS foam as soil for potted plants or just use the entire helmet as a pot itself. Other than that, there aren’t methods that need extra materials added for the helmet. Maintaining helmets is quite different from recycling them, as recycling helmets do require extra processes and treatments. PET plastic of the helmet can be recycled; however, you must make sure it is PET and not some other type of plastic, as it is uncertain that it can be recycled. PET plastic does go through a process of cleaning using extra materials such as a “special detergents” (Hurd). Once cleaned and processed, the PET can be used as raw material once again (Hurd). EPS foam can be reused and recycled too. It also must be cleaned and processed, in order to sell as raw material back to manufacturers. I was unable to find what cleaning materials in specific they use, but the process is simple. After cleaning, they heat the EPS in order to shape them back into pellets so that manufacturers can process them into products once again (Kelly). The rest of the materials, including the straps and buckle, are normally dumped. I was unable to unearth the information on how they treat dumped materials of these kinds. Through researching the life cycle of a bicycle helmet, there are tons of raw materials used and created in making, treating, transporting, and disposing it. Many of these raw materials are derived from fossil fuels, if not all. Luckily, there is no one way to create a bicycle helmet, though the methods and materials I have mentioned are just how it is done in general. Several other potential materials included: Expanded PolyPropylene (EPP) foam, Expanded PolyUrethane (EPU) foam, Expanded Polylactic Acid (E-PLA),and Cellufoam. All these foams were other potential foams used in bicycle helmet liner. Tape, specifically 3M 471 tape, was also another potential helmet material, although it is not always used. If I had to mention all the ways in which these materials were processed and created, this paper would be much too long. There would be many processes that I would need to include and research too. However, these many different ways show that there are many different designs and ideas that go into the lifecycles of these helmets. Although helmets are troublesome when it comes to the environment, it shows there are ways in which we could someday make helmets environmentally friendly (“Can I Recycle My Bicycle Helmet?”).   Bibliography AOGHS. "Nylon, a Petroleum Polymer ·." American Oil & Gas Historical Society. American Oil & Gas Historical Society, 22 Feb. 2016. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://aoghs.org/products/petroleum-product-nylon-fiber/>. Best Deals. "Replacement Universal Foam Pads Kit 5/16" Giro and Bell Bike Cycling Helmet." Amazon. Amazon, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.amazon.com/Replacement- Universal-Foam-Cycling-Helmet/dp/B004GBN916>. "Bicycle Helmet Repairs." Helmets.org. Helmets.org, 19 Mar. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/repairs.htm>. “Can I Recycle My Bicycle Helmet?” Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 30 Sept. 2015. Web. 3 Feb. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/recycle.htm> The Chemical Company. "Adipic Acid." The Chemical Company. The Chemical Company, 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <https://www.thechemco.com/chemical/adipic-acid/>. Corn, John William. "Patent US4080374 - Product Recovery." Google Books. IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 21 Mar. 1978. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.google.com/patents/US4080374>. CSX Corporation Inc. "Fuel Efficiency." CSX. CSX Corporation Inc., 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-us/the-csx-advantage/fuel-efficiency/?mobileFormat=true>. Hitachi, Ltd. "Production Process for Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA)." Hitachi: Inspire the next. Hitachi, Ltd, 2016. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.hitachi.com/businesses/infrastructure/product_site/ip/process/pta.html>. "How Bicycle Helmets Are Made." Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/howmade.htm>. How It's Made. "How It's Made Bicycle Helmet." YouTube. YouTube, 9 Apr. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeZa-LsqEW4>. How It's Made. "How It's Made Bicycle Helmets." YouTube. YouTube, 5 Aug. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJjwbqQr3-k>. How Products Are Made. "Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPF)." How Products Are Made. Advameg, Inc., 2016. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Expanded-Polystyrene-Foam-EPF.html>. Hurd, David J. "Best Practices and Industry Standards in PET Plastic Recycling." Best Practices and Industry Standards in PET Plastic Recycling (n.d.): n. pag. David J. Hurd,. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.napcor.com/pdf/Master.pdf>. International Chamber of Shipping. "Shipping and World Trade." ICS. International Chamber of Shipping, 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/shipping-and-world-trade>. Kelly, John. "How Does Polystyrene Recycling Work?" HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green- science/polystyrene-recycling1.htm>. Majewski, W. Addy, and Hannu Jääskeläinen. "What Is Diesel Fuel." What Is Diesel Fuel. DieselNet Technology Guide, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://dieselnet.com/tech/fuel_diesel.php>. McMahon, Mary, and Bronwyn Harris. "What Is Bunker Fuel?" WiseGeek. Conjecture, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bunker-fuel.htm>. Menards. "3M™ Insulation 78 Polystyrene Foam Spray Adhesive - 17.9 Oz." Menards. Menards, 12 Mar. 2016. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.menards.com/main/spray-adhesives/3m-trade-insulation- 78-polystyrene-foam-spray-adhesive-17-9-oz/p-1444421720112.htm>. "Painting a Bicycle Helmet." Helmets.org. Helmets.org, 27 Apr. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/paint.htm>. PET Resin Association. "PET – What Is It and Where Does It Come From?" (n.d.): n. pag. PET Resin Association. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.petresin.org/pdf/PET_whatisitandwheredoesitcomefrom.pdf>. PETRA. "An Introduction to PET." PET Resin Association. PET Resin Association, 2015. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.petresin.org/news_introtoPET.asp>. "Poly(propene) (Polypropylene)." The Essential Chemical Industry Online. The Essential Chemical Industry Online, 2 Jan. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/polymers/polypropene.html>. "The Safety of Styrene." Plastic Food Service Facts. Plastic Food Service Facts, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. <https://plasticfoodservicefacts.com/Safety-of-Styrene>. Simplicity Sofas. "Construction Details." Simplicity Sofas. Simplicity Sofas, 2016. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.simplicitysofas.com/construction-details/>. U.S. Department of Energy. "New Process for Producing Styrene Cuts Costs, Saves Energy, and Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of Energy. U.S. Department of Energy, 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/office_eere/pdfs/exelus_case_study.pdf>. "Velcro Fasteners – What You Need to Know." Insulation Insights 3rd ser. 7 (n.d.): n. pag. 26 Nov. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. <http://www.firwin.com/pdf/Velcro.pdf>. Woodford, Chris. "Nylon." Explain That Stuff. Explain That Stuff, 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.explainthatstuff.com/nylon.html>.     Keith Moua Prof. Cogdell DES 40A 14 March 2016 Energy in the Life Cycle of Bicycle Helmets The expanding cultural involvement with outdoor sports and activities including bicycling, skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding, and roller-skating, has associatively accumulated increasing reports for head injuries. Bicyclists have the highest statistics of individuals who have experienced some form of head injures (“Helmet Related Statistics”). In response, the necessity for protective gears, such as shock-absorbing helmets, have become a part of the economical and manufactural trend, requiring the extraction of raw materials and varying forms of energy to produce an equipment that would sufficiently protect the user. The production rate of bicycle helmets from the United States, alone has exceeded four million in one year (“Helmet Related Statistics”). Interestingly, despite its distribution rate, only eighteen percent of bicyclists and bicycle helmet consumers were observed to have appropriately used the equipment (Moore, “Protective Helmet”). The life cycle of bicycle helmets entails a wide range of energy input throughout its manufacturing process, especially in gathering and creating the bicycle materials. It is, therefore, important to be informed and aware of these various energy-related systems and generate a perspective of the sustainability level bicycle helmets have within our progressing society. With the progression of a quickly developing culture and society, ideas are constantly implemented yielding further innovations being cultivated and more resources sought upon to accommodate these contemporary needs and demands. Whether a design is sustainable or not, is dependent on the type of materials, forms of energy consumption, the recyclability of the design, and to some extent, the demands of the product. In Kuhlman’s article he defines sustainability as “never harvesting more than what the forest yields in new growth” (Kuhlman). In addition, it is essential to consider a design’s usability to quantitative distribution ratio. Because designs primarily require the exploitation of fossil fuels, which are inherently unsustainable, an unused product that is abandoned to pile up in storage does not necessarily contribute to its overall sustainability to the evolving environment. Bicycle helmets require a massive amount of energy input towards its mass production, however, only a small portion of the consumers properly use their helmets to its maximum capacity (“Helmet Related Statistics”). The ratio between the deficiency in bicycle helmet use to the high product distribution has, therefore, prompted the inquiry of its economical and environmental sustainability. Energy is an essential element used to perform work. Throughout the life cycle of bicycle helmets, energy is existent and expended in the process of gathering raw materials and during the formulating, assembling, distributing, and recycling procedures. Some fundamental forms of energy are derived from raw fuels such as petroleum, coal, wood, and manpower. In conversion, these raw sources of fossil fuels are combined and exploited to generate secondary forms of energy, which are then utilized within the industrial regions of manufacturing companies. Typically, these secondary forms of energy systems include electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical energy (“Energy Facts”). Industrial machineries and technological apparatuses are responsible for harnessing and utilizing these energy systems to cultivate work. In most energy-related systems today, the universal mode of energy commonly known is electricity. Although electricity seemingly functions as an independent extraction of energy, it realistically requires a large use of fossil fuels, such as coal, to generate the proper amount of kinetic energy to manifest it (Woodford). The significance in being educated about the methods and ingredients used to generate energy for the development of a design may clarify the product’s level of sustainability. Bicycle helmets are generally made up of three major parts. The exterior shell is molded from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the interior lining is constructed with expanded polystrene (EPS) foam, and the strap is made of nylon (“How Bicycle Helmets Are Made”). Each of these major raw materials requires the largest sum of energy input and mechanical procedures to process and shape them into the common bicycle helmet. The exterior shell of bicycle helmets is primarily made by chemically and physically engineering a synthetic plastic material called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET plastic is a secondary raw material made up of synthetic polymers, commonly used for the ordinary plastic water bottle. Manufacturers chemically synthesize ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, two primary raw materials, by exposing them to very high temperatures and very low pressures. Once the chemical process is done, polymer chains of PET are created and spliced into smaller particles. Another thermal process is subsequently required to expand and stretch the PET particles into a thin sheet of plastic for manufactural use (“About PET”). Bicycle companies, such as MET, often import PET plastic sheets for the use of the outer bicycle helmet shells. Routinely, these plastic sheets are placed into machines that uses heat and a bicycle helmet mold to shape it into its proper form. Successively, a calibrated robotic machinery trims and removes the unnecessary leftovers of the plastic (Cole). The overall manufacturing process of bicycle helmet shells demands for a consistent integration of chemical and thermal energy systems to construct the PET plastic material. In addition, manufacturing companies are anticipated to necessitate a considerably large amount of electricity to operate, which consequently requires greater input of coal-powered energy systems, generated from electric power plants. Nonetheless, PET plastic is a recyclable material that can be reused in making other plastic materials by reapplying heat to alter its shape and physical state (“Sustainability”). Foam liners are a durable and cheaply made, but initially undergoes a series of physical and chemical energy systems prior to being casted into the shape of a helmet. The interior foam liners are a vital and crucial part of a properly functioning bicycle helmet. It provides the protection of a potential impact and head injury (“Bicycle Helmet Liners”). Commonly, the foam liners are made of expanded polystyrene, which is a thick foam lining on the interior enabling the helmet to be more shock absorbent. EPS is a secondary raw material specifically derived from the chemical extraction of styrene, a primary organic compound that is commonly found in plants. The initial process of obtaining styrene requires the chemical procedure of exploiting petroleum and thermal energy (“It All Begins With Styrene”). Styrene undergoes several chemical and thermal energy processes that requires it to be isolated and is sequentially dehydrated until it forms into grain-like particles. From this physical state, styrene is deposited into a machine and exposed to high temperatures above 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Thermal energy is used to expand the grain-like styrene into larger beads, called polystyrene. Filters are used to partition the varying sizes and maintain a consistent sized bead (“How Is EPS Manufactured?”). Once the polystyrene beads are materialized, these larger beads are placed into a helmet-shaped mold. While capsulated and insulated within the mold of the machine, additional heat is applied and the beads pressurize and solidify into a sturdy blocky shape (“Bicycle Helmet Liners”). Evidently, cultivating the necessary ingredients to manufacture the foam lining involves an extensive systematic approach, such as the sequential phases in gathering and processing the primary raw materials into EPS foam. Nylon straps are a secondary synthetic raw material created from the process of chemical and physical energy systems. The primary raw materials of nylon are organic chemicals found in fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum. At moderate temperature and pressure, two large organic chemical compounds, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamene, are combined to react in a large insulated apparatus, known as an autoclave. As a result of the chemical reaction, a layer of fibrous nylon is yielded and subsequently melted with heat to be spun into fibrous yarn, which is common in clothing fabric and gears (Woodford). The consecutive approach to making the nylon straps is completed in a physical process called webbing. Webbing is the process of weaving together the fibrous nylon threads into a wider and strap-like sheet (“How Webbing Is Made”). Because nylon is primarily made of coal derivatives and requires a large amount of energy input to manufacture, it is apparent that it is not entirely sustainable. Following the development of the exterior shell, foam liners, and nylon straps, humans become the prime movers who manually assemble the pieces. The assembling process is often accomplished through manual labor due to economical intentions. Each piece is fixed to one another, generally using adhesives. In addition, stickers, tags, and labels are added onto the helmet for aesthetics and merchandising (“How Bicycle Helmets Are Made”). Once assembled, bicycle helmets are selected to be tested for their overall durability and effectiveness. For example, MET tests their bicycle helmets by applying several damaging crashes and impacts onto each helmet (Cole). The overall energy input in assembling and testing is predominantly human powered and labor intensive. In the research process, there was deficient information discussing the approach of distributing bicycle helmets. Although there are no definite sources that explain the specific transportation and distribution processes, bicycle helmets were presumed to be boxed and shipped to a wide range of retailers and warehouses either by plane or by large trucks (“How Bicycle Helmets Are Made”). Conclusively, these transportation systems require a large quantity of energy derived from fossil fuels, including gasoline and diesel for operating the locomotive engines. Furthermore, recycling bicycle helmets is a complicated process because it is comprised of multiple parts that require different disposal treatments. It is not environmentally friendly to toss the entire helmet into the landfill since each part is recyclable. An encouraged solution is to carefully separate the plastic shell, foam lining, and nylon straps and recycle each independently (“Can I Recycle My Bicycle Helmet?”). Regardless of the procedure, dismantling a bicycle helmet will require further input of human-powered energy and electricity-powered machineries. In studying the energy inputs and systems integrated throughout the life cycle of bicycle helmets, the idea of its sustainability level is debatable. The popular visible forms of energy systems in this life cycle include chemical, thermal, and electrical. Machines are a major prime mover in the developmental processes for the extracting and synthesizing every material. Generally, machines harness electrical energy to operate, therefore, manufacturing companies indirectly exploit fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum (Woodford). Additionally, with the previous statistical knowledge of the distribution rate of bicycle helmets, approximately four million annually in the US, to the serious use of the product, being only eighteen percent, the consequences of depleting fossil fuels and adding to the landfill is relatively evident. Despite the possibilities in recycling the individual parts, the constant demand for fossil fuels for powering manufacturing companies to synthesize and distribute materials remain problematic in this scenario. The idea that bicycle helmets are unsustainable in the current society is distinct and apparent through the discoveries of the total energy consumption required during its life cycle and its overall extent of usage.   Bibliography "About PET." About PET. PET Resin Association, 2015. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. <http://www.petresin.org/aboutpet.asp> Agresti, James D. “Energy Facts.” Justfacts.com. 16 Oct 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. <http://www.justfacts.com/energy.asp> “Bicycle Helmet Liners.” Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 20 Jan. 2016. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/liners.htm> “Can I Recycle My Bicycle Helmet?” Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 30 Sept. 2015. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/recycle.htm> Cole, Mathews. “How Do MET Make Their Helmets?” Bikeradar.com. 29 April 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. <http://www.bikeradar.com/us/gear/article/how-do-met-make-their-helmets-21044/> “EPS Manufacturing Process.” Achfoam.com. ACH Foam Technologies, LLC. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.achfoam.com/About-Us/EPS-Manufacturing.aspx> “EPS Sustainability.” Epsindustry.org. EPS Industry Alliance. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://epsindustry.org/sites/default/files/EPS%20Sustainability.pdf> “Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPF).” Madehow.com. Volume 1. Advameg, Inc. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Expanded-Polystyrene-Foam-EPF.html> “Helmet Related Statistics.” Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 31 Jan. 2016. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. <http://www.helmets.org/stats.htm#bikevsother> “How Bicycle Helmets Are Made.” Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 7 March 2015. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/howmade.htm> “How Is EPS Manufactured?” Fpmfoam.com. Fabricated Packaging Materials. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.fpmfoam.com/how-is-eps-manufactured.htm> “How Webbing Is Made.” Thomasnet.com. Thomas Publishing Company. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. <http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/materials-handling/what-is-webbing> “It All Begins With Styrene.” Michiganfoam.com. Michigan Foam Products, Inc. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.michiganfoam.com/eps_technical_info.html> Kuhlman, Tom. “What is Sustainability?” Mdpi.org. 2010. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. <http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/11/3436/htm> “Molded In The Shell.” Helmets.org. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 20 March 2015. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. <http://www.bhsi.org/molded.htm> Moore, Dan T., III. “Protective Helmet.” Patent US 6453476 B1. 24 Sept. 2002. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. <https://www.google.com/patents/US6453476> Rubio, Michelle Rose. "Trends in Recycling of EPS Foam." EcoMENA. EcoMENA, 04 Aug. 2013. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. <http://www.ecomena.org/recycling-eps-foam/> “Sustainability.” Pertresin.org. PET Resin Association, 2015. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. <http://www.petresin.org/sustainability.asp> Woodford, Chris. “Nylon.” Explainthatstuff.com. 12 Nov. 2015. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. <http://www.explainthatstuff.com/nylon.html> Woodford, Chris. “Power Plants.” Explainthatstuff.com. 25 Sept. 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. <http://www.explainthatstuff.com/powerplants.html>     http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cpu daily 0.75 2016-03-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1458277772944-KTJ7FMJ0B5NORTWJ8COK/cpu%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E7%89%88-01.png CPU https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457915336522-JRPWLEVXY0QYDN6LE7UF/CPU+Life+Cycle CPU https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457917664118-BCVP86BATMWBGQXMJTTP/image-asset.png CPU https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457917647349-UNED34TSP532SW537HKE/Figure+1 CPU https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457917601294-LWD4USBNU777NNOS4B1X/Figure+2 CPU http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hersheys-kisses-chocolate-packaging daily 0.75 2016-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457742961349-7LRUQYDA84ZRS0WN0U3Q/image-asset.jpeg Hershey's Kisses Chocolate Packaging http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mosfet daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457918152153-ZOTIKN8F6AJMJD6C03ER/image-asset.jpeg Silicon Wafer MOSFET http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cellulosic-fibers daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457747723107-VGE616517BWTG3CXEROV/image-asset.png Tensel Cellulosic Fibers   Life Cycle of Cellulose Fiber to make Lyocell: Materials   Lyocell, a synthetic fabric derived from cellulose fibers, is advertised to be one of the most sustainable and environmentally friendly fabric. It’s used in many different products such as furniture to clothing, and can even be given a suede or silk like texture. This versatile fabric is produced by the company Lenzing under the brand name Tencel. The life cycle will be done from wood to fabric, because the fabric has many uses after that point it would be difficult to track all the final products. Lyocell is sustainable because a majority of the raw materials used for production are renewable and reusable. The process of how lyocell is manufactured and what key materials are used to produce it will be explained and an analysis of each material will be done to then determine if lyocell as a whole is a sustainable fabric.   The first step of the production process is to acquire dissolving pulp, fibers stripped down to a pulp. Tencel is made of a combination of beech and eucalyptus wood pulp. Beech wood pulp, known as Lenzing pulp is produced by Lenzing themselves. The beech wood used to make Tencel originates from Austria and other European countries. It doesn’t require irrigation, is not fertilized, and is machine harvested. Because of the woods low maintenance and availability, it is sustainable. Eucalyptus pulp, also known as market pulp isn’t produced by Lenzing and is acquired from outside plantations. Eucalyptus can be grown on low grade land so many areas that are deemed dead and wastelands can be used. It also can grow in almost any climate, making it an easily accessible wood. Eucalyptus requires only a small amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. It doesn't require much water and is fast growing. Because of these qualities the turnover rate of eucalyptus plants is very high making it an easily renewable material. The land to grow the wood required for lyocell is about 0.24 hectares per ton. This is a low amount if compared to other Lenzing fabrics and cotton, as seen in the chart below. Since the amount of land to ton of fabric is low, the land is used efficiently, making the harvesting cellulose for environmentally friendly.   Once the dissolving pulp is gathered, the next step in the manufacturing of lyocell is to dissolve the pulp. N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, otherwise known as NMNO, is an organic compound that is mixed with water to create a solvent used to dissolve the wood pulp. Then when the process is done, the wash water is sent through a purification process that extracts the NMNO and is returned to its usable state. According to a report done by researchers for Lenzing, 99% of the solvent is recovered, making this part of the production process a closed cycle. Although NMNO is a petrochemical, meaning it is derived from fossil fuels, because of its reusability it is a sustainable practice to keep using it in lyocell production and only adds to the overall sustainability of the fabric.   Water is used throughout the manufacturing process. Water usage is an aspect of the lyocell production process, as well as other textile processes, that isn’t ideal but is required and unavoidable. Therefore to help understand how efficient the water usage is in producing Tencel, a comparison to other fabrics should be made. As seen in the chart below, Tencel production uses the least amount of water out of all Lenzing fibers. Tencel uses 263m3 of water to produce one ton of fabric. Out of that, 20 m3 is processed water such as deionised and soft water. The rest is cooling water, this water is unprocessed water and derived from natural sources such as rivers and lakes. Lyocell only requires a small amount of processed water, which takes resources to create. It doesn’t require much irrigation water, as mentioned above. Therefore the water usage is controlled, therefore making lyocell and environmentally conscious fabric.     One of the final steps that Lenzing is involved in before the fabric is sent to manufacturers, is bleaching the fabric so it’s ready to receive dyes. To do this a chemical called tetraethylene diamine, or (TAED) is mixed with hydrogen peroxide to produce a bleaching agent. Although other chemicals can substitute TAED, the TAED and peroxide mix is the most efficient because it achieves the maxim bleaching power that the lyocell fabric can withhold while doing so at a low temperature, therefore saving energy as other chemicals would require a higher heating point. TAED and its reaction product when mixed with peroxide is non-toxic and non-sensitising so it’s better for the fabric and consumers who are sensitive to bleaching chemicals. It biodegrades to help make many useful by products such as ammonia and water. Because of it’s non toxic and biodegradability the bleaching agent is another sustainable raw material that goes into the manufacturing of lyocell fibers.   A final raw material that should be mentioned is fuel. It’s used during both acquisition of materials as well as the manufacturing process. All of the fuel is used for acquisition and production of the dissolving pulps, the eucalyptus collected for the market pulp uses fuel mainly to transport the wood by ship because only about 20% of the harvesting is done by machine. For the Lenzing pulp, the beech wood collected from Europe requires is harvested by machines and transported by railways and roads. From pulp to finished fiber, this is the only fuel that is used. The energy used to process the cellulose fibers, or the kraft process, is recovered from municipal solid waste incineration. Therefore no additional fuel is used for the manufacturing process, making the energy for Tencel a closed cycle. With low fuel usage, Tencel is sustainable.   When an analysis of the raw materials used in creating lyocell fibers is done it’s clear that Lenzing is practicing a sustainable method. The the wood is grown on sustainable farms, the manufacturing process reuses the key chemical required, and the bleach is repurposed after it’s use on the fabric. From the wood to the finishing lyocell has very little waste and the materials are reused sometimes indefinitely. The product has many closed cycles and which makes it renewable and reusable, therefore sustainable.   Bibliography Bahia, Hardev Singh. Process of Making Lyocell Fibre or Film. Tencel Limited, Derby, assignee. Patent US 6,258,304 B1. 10 July 2001. Print.   Chavan, R B, and A K Patra. "Development and Processing of Lyocell." Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research 29 (2004): n. pag. Web.   Carrillo, F., X. Colom, and X. Canavate. "Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Lyocell Fiber-Reinforced Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29.3 (2008): 359-71. Web.   Kasahara, K., H. Sasaki, N. Donkai, and T. Takagishi. "Effect of Processing and Reactive Dyeing on the Swelling and Pore Structure of Lyocell Fibers." Textile Research Journal 74.6 (2004): 509-15. Web.   Luo, Mengkui, and Amar Neogi. Method of Making a Modified Unbleached Pulp for Lyocell Products. Weyerhaeuser Company, assignee. Patent US 7,097,737 B2. 29 Aug. 2006. Print.   Mathews, Jane, Susan Scarborough, and Jenny Wilkinson. Lyocell Bleaching Process. Patent EP 0 989 224 A1. Print.   Perepelkin, K. "Lyocell Fibres Based On Direct Dissolution Of Cellulose In N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide: Development And Prospects." Fibre Chemistry 39.2 (2007): 163-172. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Feb. 2016.   Peterson, William S., Jr., and Roman O. Marchak. Closed Loop System. The Bendix Corporation, assignee. Patent 4,241,710. 30 Dec. 1980. Print.   Shen, LI, and Martin K. Patel. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF MAN-MADE CELLULOSE FIBRES." Lenzinger Berichte 88 (2010): 1-59. Web. 12 Mar. 2016.   Woodings, Calvin. "Industrial Cellulose." Regenerated Cellulose Fibres. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2001. 22-32. The Library of Congress. Web.         Erik Laats Research Project TA: Amanda March 14, 2016       The Embodied Energy of Creating Cellulosic Fibers from Wood       The life cycle of cellulosic fibers by the Lenzing Group uses a fair amount of embodied energy, but the production process and waste disposal is largely self-sufficient and features environmentally sound practices. Cellulosic fibers are an artificial alternative to common clothing materials such as cotton or wool, and are described as “synthetic polymers made from natural resources,” (Shen, Patel, pg 2). The production of cellulosic fibers is a relatively recently developed method for the production of clothing from wood pulp (“Tencel Clothing”). The Lenzing Group, the main producer of cellulosic fibers, focuses on production methods that foster a strong relationship with both the environment and the materials used. For the sake of clarity, the Lenzing Group is the name of the company responsible for the majority of the production of cellulosic fibers, while lyocell and viscose fibers are different varieties of cellulosic fibers that the Lenzing Group produces. “Tencel” is the brand name associated with products made from cellulosic fibers produced by the Lenzing Group. The Lenzing Group is notable for using practices such as planting the trees used in their fibers on land “unsuitable for crops or grazing,” just one example of many ways the process is done with the environment in mind (“Tencel Clothing”). The life cycle of cellulosic fibers places massive emphasis on the environment and maintaining an equilibrium within the embodied energy used in the gathering, processing, and distribution of lyocell products. The Lenzing group pays extremely close attention to the amount of energy used in its production processes, as well as the sources of energy drawn upon for each part of the life cycle.   The life cycle begins with the harvesting of the natural resources and materials necessary for the production of the fibers. Because viscose lyocell fibers are cellulose based, the primary raw material is trees, and planting, growing, and harvesting the necessary trees to provide the cellulose is the most energy intensive aspect of this stage of the life cycle, (“Tencel Clothing”). The Lenzing Group is a fairly large company, with multiple locations across Europe and Asia each producing a number of different kinds of fibers under the brands of both Lenzing and Tencel, (Shen, Patel, pg 4). The breakdown for the types of energy used in the gathering of the raw materials differs between locations and the type of fiber being produced. For their location in Asia, the raw material gathered is Eucalyptus wood, which is used to produce viscose fibers, (Shen, Patel, pg 6). This location is the least environmentally friendly of all of the Lenzing Group locations, and uses local electricity, coal, gas, and oil to fuel these gathering processes, (Shen, Patel, pg 6). However, the production of lyocell and viscose fibers from the Austrian location demonstrates a very different approach to energy use. This facility gathers both European Beech and Eucalyptus wood, for the production of both lyocell and viscose fibers, (Shen, Patel, pg 6). The energy use for the gathering of materials in the Austrian facility is much more environmentally friendly, and uses significantly less fossil fuels, if any at all. For the gathering of materials for the production of lyocell for use in Tencel clothing specifically, the energy used is completely harnessed from the incineration of solid waste from other parts of the life cycle, (Shen, Patel, pg 6). For the raw materials for the production of viscose, the energy used is partly the incineration of solid waste, and partly the use of biomass as a fuel source, (Shen, Patel, pg 6). While the types of energy used in this part of the life cycle was readily available, it was not possible to discover exactly how much energy was used in the production and preparation of the raw materials. Because the Lenzing Group has so many good environmental practices, it is not surprising that they want to publicize information about their energy sources. Their use of biomass and their own industrial waste as a fuel is extremely low in greenhouse gas emission, even if it may have a greater impact on issues like deforestation. However, it is possible that the Lenzing Group are less likely to produce their actual energy use in numbers in order to avoid tarnishing the “green” image they have worked so hard to construct. A high energy use in spite of these practices could indicate that even a low percentage of fossil fuels used could result in high emission rates. Similarly, the use of biomass could be so significant that it is contributing to deforestation or other similar environmental depletion issues, which the Lenzing Group may understandably wish to keep out of the view of the public. The bulk of the embodied energy in the life cycle of cellulosic fibers comes with the production and processing of the wood into pulp and eventually fibers, which take place at the various Lenzing establishments across Europe and Asia. The Lenzing Group uses highly green and energy efficient practices overall that help limit the emissions of greenhouse gases and cut down the use of fossil fuels. The Lenzing Group’s energy in both pulp and fiber production comes from either Lenzing owned and operated power stations, or from working with local power plants, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 56). The energy sources used are heavily reliant on the waste products and by products of the production process itself, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 56). The production process uses all available energy in a productive manner during the process, and very little energy goes unharnessed. All of the unused biogenic materials from the process are used as a fuel source, and the trees used as raw materials are used as fuel to generate heat and eventually steam, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 56). Similarly to the process of gathering the raw materials, waste is also used as a fuel source to help to generate electricity (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 57). Another distinct part of the process is the energy efficiency across aspects of the production process. Energy that is released as heat during the pulp production process is harnessed and repurposed to provide heat to generate electricity to turn the pulp into fibers, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 57). While a majority of energy used in production by the Lenzing Group is sourced from biogenic fuel sources and waste repurposing, a minority of the energy used comes from the burning of fossil fuels. In 2011, 54% of the Lenzing Group’s energy use was powered by biogenic renewable fuel sources, while the remaining 46% was entirely powered by coal, gas, and a very small minority of oil. With this breakdown, the overall energy consumption of the Lenzing Group in the year 2011 came to total at approximately 13,000,000 gigajoules, the majority of which was renewable energy sources, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 57). However, as previously mentioned, the Lenzing Group has a large number of facilities around the world, and each operates at a different level of energy use with a different breakdown of types of fuel used. While a small minority of the larger facilities use almost entirely biomass and renewable energy sources, a larger majority of the smaller facilities use a large amount of fossil fuel based energy, usually in the form of purchased electricity from coal powered power plants, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 58). Each facility required a different amount of electricity in total, usually depending on the size of the facility. For their largest production facility in Austria, the embodied energy use in megawatts was 77 megawatts, on average, while using a variety of fuels including waste, biogenic fuels, and self generated electricity, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 58). The majority of the other locations did feature some form of self generated energy, but primarily used fossil fuels or purchased electricity to power the processes. The electricity used by these smaller scale locations ranged, on average, from 10 megawatts to 30 megawatts annually, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, pg 58). Though the energy uses may appear to be high, especially when examining the total energy used annually, it is important to acknowledge that this usage includes the use of waste and biomass as fuel sources, which are the majority of the energy used and are sustainable overall, and do not contribute to emissions. Many products and companies have high energy uses even after production, in the disposal and elimination of waste materials. Many companies expend additional energy to move their waste to landfills or other refuse sites, and many must expend even more to deal with hazardous materials that cannot be disposed of normally. However, instead of throwing away their waste and byproducts, the Lenzing Group makes special efforts to reuse every single aspect of the production process. As mentioned previously mentioned, these waste and excess materials are all incinerated and used to self-generate electricity for the process itself, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 56). This creates what is known as a “closed loop system,” in which the process feeds energy into itself. As a result, instead of using untold amounts of energy in the disposal of waste, the Lenzing Group actually ends with a positive net gain of energy after the loop has ended, (Sustainability in the Lenzing Group, 55). It was very difficult to obtain actual figures regarding the amount expended in this production process. Most sources on the topic offered percentages or ratios of types of fuels used, but failed to offer any types of electrical or energy units. However, after emailing the company’s representative, we received links to special sustainability reports that detailed and outlined the energy uses of each facility, as described above. While we were able to discover just how much energy was being used at each location, and how much from each source, the only main expenditure of energy that was not described was the shipping process of the final products from the factories to their final destinations, and this was missing from all of the sources we examined. Upon inquiring further with our company contact, we were politely informed that the Sustainability reports were the only publically available information on the Lenzing Group’s energy use. We can assume that Lenzing uses standard shipping methods through trucks and planes to distribute their products, and assume all of those energy costs through the operation of those vehicles. The life cycle of cellulosic fibers, as produced by the Lenzing Group, is a relatively closed and self-contained process that is both sound in energy consumption and in its environmental impacts. Across embodied energy, waste, and materials, the Lenzing Group takes advantage of all resources and available energy at every stage of production. At the end of its life cycle, these fibers are compostable, meaning that the materials are used to provide even more of a surplus of energy. Overall, this is an extremely efficient life cycle, and is a model example for other companies that rely on factory driven manufacturing.                                                                           Bibliography                                                                                     "Sustainability Reports." Sustainability Reports. Lenzing Group. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.               “LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF MAN-MADE CELLULOSE FIBRES” Li Shen and Martin K. Patel, Web. 04 Mar. 2016       Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Green Composites Based on Biodegradable Polyesters and Lyocell Fabric." Web. 03 Feb. 2016.     Chavan, R.R. "Development and Processing of Lyocell." Web. 3 Feb. 2016.     Farley, Jennifer, and Colleen Hill. Sustainable Fashion: Past, Present, and Future. Print.     "Lyocell." How Lyocell Is Made. Web. 03 Feb. 2016.     Tencel Production Process." Lenzing. Web. 3 Feb. 2016.     "Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Lyocell." Sagehub. Web. 29 Feb. 2016.     Analysis of Lyocell Fiber Formation." Springer. Web. 7 Feb. 2016.     "Eartheasy: Tencel Clothing." Tencel Clothing. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.   "Lyocell Patent." US5543101.pdf. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.   "US5759210.pdf." US5759210.pdf. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.   Marielle Ednalino DES 40A A01 3/14/16 Lyocell Waste and Emissions “One day you’re in, and the next, you’re out,” is a common phrase reiterated amongst the textiles industry. This fluid and ever changing cycle of trends, styles, and resources explains why the textiles community can’t seem to commit to one specific and concise attitude. Currently, the industry has taken into favor the trend of being “eco-friendly,” mainly due to the fact that there has been a growing demand by society for conscious friendly fibers with the need hinging on sustainability, comfort, and fashion. Lenzing Group, is the worldwide company that caters to these demands by manufacturing and producing man-made cellulose fibers. According to S. J Eichhorn, he states in his article, “Current International Research into Cellulosic Fibres and Composites,” that cellulosic fibers are the call to solution due to them being either native (natural from plants or animals) or regenerated (man-made) as well as the fact that they are relatively cheap to produce, express a variety of versatile purposes, and contain an ease of recyclability (2108). Although Lenzing Group makes a variety of man-made cellulosic fibers within their company, it is essentially Lyocell (produced by under the brand name, Tencel) that trumps and surpasses them all. Constructed from wood pulp, Lyocell proves to be the leading cellulosic fiber not only in the textile industry, but as well as the sustainability community due to it’s remarkable safe acquisition of raw materials, essentially non-existent byproducts from manufacturing, and the simple fact that the product itself is biodegradable, leaving virtually no waste! From the Earth, for the Earth: that is essentially the lifestyle that Lyocell strives to maintain, incorporate, and protect. Like any other product, the process of manufacturing and creating begins with the acquisition of the raw materials needed to make it. Unlike numerous other companies, Tencel prides itself on being one of the rare few where extracting their materials to construct their product doesn’t detrimentally impact or destroy the environment it takes it from. First things first, they use a unique main renewable raw material in their production: wood pulp! Coming from the Lenzing Group website itself, they state that their primary source of pulp is through harvesting the evergreen Eucalyptus tree. They state that this species of trees is so unique amongst others in the sense that it grows extremely rapidly and without any artificial irrigation and/or gene manipulation; unlike other wood farms that the industry manipulates. The eucalyptus tree is also incredibly more logically ecological in the sense that there is absolutely no water or pesticide-play in their cultivation. Knowing this, Lenzing Group also proclaims on their website that their gathering process is heavily guided by sustainability, which means that the forest industries that they practice with are only managed in such a way that no more wood is taken out of the forests than can be replaced by new growth. This mentality promotes the structure of renewable raw materials and ensures that the company is not hindering for other generations to come and grow. Again, preaching to the choir that from the Earth, for the Earth is such a crucial concept to maintain and protect. However, another vital concept to maintain and protect regarding the efficiency of Lyocell is the fact that their manufacturing, processing, and formulation is incredibly eco-friendly, sustainable, and overall conscious of its procedures. Tencel practices a “Closed Loop” concept that is based on the solvent spinning system in order to produce their cellulosic fiber. Featured on the article, “Process for the Manufacture of Lyocell Fibre,” by James Martin Gannon; it states that the present spinning system is simply summarized by these three steps: one, dissolve the wood pulp into a tertiary amine solvent, N-Methyl morphine-N-Oxide (or NMMO for short), to form a solution. Two, extrude this solution to replicate a die that produces a plethora of cellulosic filaments. Three, wash the filaments to remove the initial solvent, thus formulating the Lyocell fibers (2). What makes this entire process completely ecological is the fact that there are minimal to almost no byproducts that are produced from it. Researchers from the article, “Tencel or Lyocell ecofriendly- caution for those with MCS,” proclaims that the regenerated fiber has little impact on the environment due to the fact that the amine oxide solvent that Tencel uses is essentially 99% recovered at the end of the system and is recycled back into their manufacturing process, which explains why it is labeled as a “closed loop” system. Did I also forget to mention that not only is this solvent almost completely repurposed; but it is also non-toxic? Double win! Alongside this, the website also proclaims that the plant emissions from the production into the air from the various smokestacks are significantly lower in comparison to many other man-made fiber operations. Lastly, the website states that a majority of the surplus water that remains after the cycle is eventually evaporated off and if by chance there is any remaining waste-water, it is then purified by a biological waste-water treatment plant. This goes to show that being environmentally forward doesn’t only focus on the end result of what you’re trying to change, but it is also incredibly relied upon the juxtaposition of the steps in between. In regards to endings, the last reason that Lyocell surpasses leading cellulosic fibers in the textile industry, as well as paves the way for being environmentally sound is the fact that the materials itself can be completely biodegradable without any assistance. In the journal, “Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Green Composites based on Biodegradable Polyesters and Lyocell Fabric,” researchers conducted an experiment to observe whether or not the regenerated fiber could truly prove what it proclaims to do: decompose itself. Scientist called it the, “Soil Burial Test,” where they cut a 40x20mm piece of Lyocell and placed it in a 1:1 mixture of leaf mold and black gardening soil. They then stored the layering’s in a room at a constant temperature (25-30°C) at relative humidity (80%), where after 60 days, researchers observed that there was a significant amount of weight loss from the sample and the recovery of the decomposed fragments were extremely difficult to reconstruct. These observations and scientific evidence all support the concept that Lyocell is a cellulosic fiber that is able to decompose itself and become biodegradable. This fundamental characteristic gives Lyocell the award for being immensely un-wasteful and shows its prohibition of the support of further contaminating our Earth with trash, debris, and pollution. Other ways Lyocell can be properly disposed of is by being incinerated or recycled as stated by the piece, “Life Cycle Assessment of Man-made cellulose fibres,” by Li Shen and Martin K. Patel. The irony in allowing for proper disposal and/or repurpose of one’s finished lifecycle, is that it essentially gives birth and rise for other creations to grow, expand, and thrive on. With the tides of reform, renewal, and sustainability sweeping the nation, it has since left a high demand for friendlier, ecological, and more recyclable materials that won’t heavily detriment or impact the Earth we live on. These waves have since created numerous sources and operations that allow our species to live greener and more consciously. Some include extensive recycling programs, repurposing old materials, and designing innovations that propel our humanity into the future. One of these unique innovations is the renewable cellulosic fiber: Lyocell. What makes this man-made textile so incredibly ecologically forward is the fact that extracting and acquiring the raw materials to produce it uses only a resource that is renewable and they don’t heavily leave a huge imprint on the surroundings the companies take it from. Lyocell is also remarkably eco-friendly because the exact process to make it is a “closed loop” system, which almost virtually leaves no byproducts, wastes, or emissions. This allows for Lyocell to be extremely efficient and sustainable, especially in the sense that it is able to biodegrade itself! Living on this Earth for almost 21 years now, I have watched the world I love grow in despair, dirt, and pollution. The trees I once climbed are now disappearing, the water I once swam in is drying up, and the soil I once laid in is contaminated. And although I have watched the world grow old, I have also watched it become more kind to itself by the people who love and care for it. It is only possible to climb those trees again, and swim in that water, and lay in the grass if we think innovatively and keep designing ecologically forward inventions, like Lyocell, that take care our of our world. Because one day our Earth “may be in, but the next day, it may be out.”   Bibliography Chavan, R. B., and A. K. Patra. "Developement and Processing of Lyocell." Developement and Processing of Lyocell 29 (2004): 483-92. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/24664/1/IJFTR 29(4) 483-492.pdf>.   Eichhorn, S. J. "Current International Research into Cellulosic Fibres and Composites." Journal of Materials and Sciences 36 (2001): 2107-131. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_eichhorn001.pdf>.   Farley, Jennifer, and Colleen Hill. Sustainable Fashion: Past, Present, and Future. Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. Print.   Gannon, James Martin. "Process for the Manufacture of Lyocell Fibre." Courtaulds Fibres (Holdings) Limited (1998): 1-5. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US5725821.pdf>.   "Lyocell." How Lyocell Is Made. Web. 13 Mar. 2016.   "EUCALYPTUS. ECOLOGICAL THROUGH AND THROUGH." Lenzing Fibers. Lenzing Group: Leading Fiber Innovation. Web. 13 Mar. 2016.   "“Tencel® or Lyocell Ecofriendly – Caution for Those with MCS”." Natures Crew Eco Store. Web. 13 Mar. 2016.   Shen, LI, and Martin K. Patel. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF MAN-MADE CELLULOSE FIBRES." Lenzinger Berichte 88 (2010): 1-59. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.lenzing.com/fileadmin/template/pdf/konzern/lenzinger_berichte/ausgabe_88_2010/LB_88_2010_paper_1.pdf>.   Shibata, Mitsuhiro, Shingo Oyamada, Shin-Ichi Kobayashi, and Daisuke Yaginuma. "Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Green Composites Based on Biodegradable Polyesters and Lyocell Fabric." Journal of Applied Polymer Science J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 92.6 (2004): 3857-863. Web. 12 Mar. 2016.   "Focus Sustainability: Sustainibility in the Lenzing Group." Www.lenzing.com 4 (2012): 1-82. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. <http://www.lenzing.com/fileadmin/template/pdf/konzern/nachhaltigkeit/Sustainability_Report_2012_EN.pdf>.       http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nail-polish daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1458209876574-PAQU7XDAGKMTKS58XF8M/Nail+Polish+Life+Cycle Nail Polish Nail Polish Life Cycle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/katrina-cottage daily 0.75 2016-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457918042249-K1OSH96YLHU6LHPJYUEO/KC_Thumb.png Katrina Cottage https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457917327984-KYEKPCY3K4PHQPNL87XH/image-asset.png Katrina Cottage http://www.designlife-cycle.com/jet-fuel daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457920708832-7JGEITCREXO8JM8PN9GW/image-asset.png Jet Fuel http://www.designlife-cycle.com/biodegradable-paper-cups daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457922733744-K64JWH4ISIZ42HN7IJGD/image-asset.jpeg Biodegradable Paper Cup https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457935177404-X6E80YY1AYOVYUJGLOSP/image-asset.png Biodegradable Paper Cup https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457923039954-1YC5UGUSIY75CYF021LT/image-asset.jpeg Biodegradable Paper Cup https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457923101046-IBN21WK0JQ2KIO5ZT4CL/image-asset.jpeg Biodegradable Paper Cup http://www.designlife-cycle.com/burts-bees-lip-balm daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457930386476-18I307U98FXYSL6V44H4/image-asset.jpeg Burt's Bees Lip Balm Burt's Bees Lip Balm Life Cycle Assessment | Poster made for print http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bicycle daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457959268759-XXKPGAPHVG3LDV4XOGE9/image-asset.jpeg Bicycle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457939764246-7G9K2GW1YI8HNF2M1G62/image-asset.png Bicycle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/toilet-roll-holder daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457930013948-YKBKDET5N6WODBPD5P45/image-asset.jpeg GRUNDTAL toilet roll holder Ahmed Alsubhi DES 040 - Section 03   Ikea Stainless Steel Toilet Roll Holder Life Cycle – Raw Materials   Ikea is a company that was found by Ingvar Kamprad in 1943. The company started as an establishment selling pens, matchboxes, and furniture. The substantial growth of Ikea with a count of almost 300 stores over 36 countries sheds light on their products environmental impact and their life cycle. Whilst mundane the product of interest is present in most households given it being essential (Mega Factories: Ikea). Ikea’s stainless steel toilet roll holder is one of Ikea’s products that is not made of their more popular material, wood. While Ikea’s website provide a significant amount of information on its line of production involving wood, it lacks to mention the life cycle of its stainless steel line of production. Due to the inability of obtaining information regarding the product of interest assumptions were made. The acquisition of the raw materials and the process behind its manufacturing and the recycle and waste management associated with it, these parts of the life cycle of the product were investigated based in Sweden. Raw Materials The product of interest is the GRUNDTAL toilet roll holder. The products is made of one material, stainless steel (Ikea toilet accessories). Attempts to contacting Ikea in order to obtain information about the composition of the stainless steel, or the source from which the stainless steel was obtained from. Ikea have responded “Upon further research, we do not have the information you are requesting readily available about the GRUNDTAL toilet paper holder…” Assumptions were made in order to reach a tangible conclusion about the life cycle of the product. The production and manufacturing is assumed to take place in Sweden given the origin of Ikea as a company and its largest factory’s location (Ikea company information). In order to assess the life cycle of the product the life cycle of stainless steel is investigated. Stainless steel is the result of three processes; smelting of iron ore to produce iron; production of steel; and production of stainless steel. A key element of stainless steel is iron. Iron is obtained from iron ore through smelting. The iron ore that is obtained usually contains elements alongside iron such as silica, coke, and limestone. The process of smelting is largely done using the blast furnace method. The blast furnace heats the iron ore to a temperature over 3000 Fahrenheit. The iron is preferred to have the least amount of impurities possible, and the materials present in the iron ore contribute to achieve such goal. The limestone reacts with the silica and the coke to form “slags” which will be explained in the waste section. While the coke turning into ash is considered to be a byproduct it contributes to the production of steel. If the end product is steel rather than iron the process is altered slightly (How steel is made: a Brief summary of a Balst Furnace). Steel is basically carbonized iron. The coke that was present in the iron ore reacts with the limestone in order to form the “slag”. Steel is known to have 1-2.1% of its weight in carbon. By letting a fixed amount of the ash produced by the coke resonate in the molten iron. This process results in the elimination of unwanted impurities such as silica and excess ash which results in the production of steel (How steel is made: a Brief summary of a Balst Furnace). To achieve the final material in interest, stainless steel, one more process has to be undergone. Stainless steel is made up of Steel and a certain percentage of chromium by weight. The minimum amount of chromium present usually is at 10.5% by weight. Other materials are used in the making of stainless steel as alloying elements in order to enhance the structure or alter the properties of the resulting stainless steel. Due to shortage in information from Ikea the basic form of stainless steel is assumed which is steel alloyed with chromium (Internation Stainless Steel Forum). The materials used in the production of stainless steel are assumed to be obtained and manufactured in Sweden. Manufacturing, Acquisition, and Transportation One of the largest iron ore reservoirs in the world is in a mountain in Kiruna, Sweden owned by a company called LKAB -Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB - (The history of LKAB). The mountain was assumed to hold 602Mt reserve at 48.5% iron since the end of 2008. With a large reserve it is assumed to be the main supplier of iron in Sweden (Kiruna Iron Ore Mine, Sweden). The iron produced by LKAB is largely used in the production of steel at 77% of the iron ore products are utilized by Europe’s steelworks (LKAB). The second step of the manufacturing process is carried on by SSAB - Svenskt Stål AB – which means Swedish Steel. This company is specialized in the processing of raw materials into steel with a history that dates back to 1878, and it is located in Stockholm, Sweden (SSAB in brief). The last step of the manufacturing of stainless steel is assumed to be carried on by Outokumpu. Outokumpu is a company specialized in the production of stainless steel with its largest production facility located in Avesta, Sweden. Outokumpu’s steel supply is mainly recycled locally, but Sweden doesn’t have a sustained chromium line of production (Outokumpu in Sweden). 41% of the chromium supply in Sweden is imported from South Africa. There was no possible way to identify the transportation method of the imports or the distribution between the previously mentioned companies given their customer confidentiality regulations. Due to shortage of information the environmental impact of the transportation correlated to the product was not concluded. However, the manufacturing process have its byproducts associated with each step. Recycle and Waste Because stainless steel is the result of a number of processes each process was investigated to find the waste associated with it. In the first step, iron ore smelting, “slags” were mentioned. A slag is the by-product of the smelting of the iron ore. Slags in the iron smelting process usually compose of metal oxides and silica oxides that resulted from the limestone reacting with the molten iron (User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction). Slag is recycled through utilizing it in different applications rather than reusing it in the production of steel. Different types of slag that are the result of different type of steel processing have various applications. Given the shortage of information on the product the application of the resulting slag could not be concluded (Slag, a very usable by-product). LKAB also reports a decreases in the carbon dioxide emitted from the blast furnace by 320 kg. This blast furnace process was also reported to save 1,7 GJ per tonne of steel which correlates to the reduction of carbon dioxide emission (LKAB). While emissions and by-products are associated with the production of stainless steel the material is considered environmental friendly still. Stainless steel does not degrade when processed, which means that it can be reused in the production of more stainless steel products without limitations. Stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion, this property results in a longer life expectancy of the product. Reduce the need of periodic replacement substantially. Stainless steel is usually recycled at a rate of 60%. But it has been reported by Outokumpu that the recycle rate could go up to 90%. Stated in Outokumpu’s stainless steel life cycle’s report “Stainless steel can be recycled infinitely to the same high quality material.” The long life expectancy of the product concludes a highly environmental friendly product (Stainless steel life cycle). Conclusion All of the information obtained about the products life cycle were based on the assumptions made in the research. While having a substantial amount of by-products and carbon dioxide emission, the production line of stainless steel is to be considered environmentally friendly. The high recycle rate and the applications of the by-products of stainless steel can translate into the product of interest. The life cycle of stainless steel used in the manufacturing of the product concludes small impact on the environment. Bibliography   "How steel is made: a Brief summary of a Balst Furnace." n.d. Keen Ovens. 13 March 2016. "Ikea company information." n.d. Ikea. 13 March 2016. "Ikea toilet accessories." n.d. Ikea. 13 March 2016. "Internation Stainless Steel Forum." n.d. World Stainless. 13 March 2016. "Kiruna Iron Ore Mine, Sweden." n.d. Mining Technology. 13 March 2016. LKAB. "Annual and Sustainability Report 2014 in Brief." 2015. "Mega Factories: Ikea." n.d. National Geographic Channel. 13 March 2016. <http://www.natgeotv.com/ca/megafactories/ikea-facts>. "Outokumpu in Sweden." n.d. Outokump. 13 March 2016. "Slag, a very usable by-product." 15 June 2015. Jernkontoret: The Swedish STeel Producers' Association. 13 March 2016. "SSAB in brief." n.d. SSAB. 13 March 2016. "Stainless steel life cycle." n.d. Outokumpu. 13 March 2016. "The history of LKAB." n.d. LKAB. 13 March 2016. "User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction." Material Description. n.d.   Sydney Woo Professor Cogdell Design 40A March 14, 2016 Research Project Life Cycle Analysis of Stainless Steel Toilet Roll Holder The multinational company IKEA is most commonly known as a company that distributes a wide and unique variety of ready-to-assemble furniture, appliances, and home accessories. Since the vast majority of their products are composed of wood, information on the life cycle of stainless steel products is yet to be explored. IKEA’s GRUNDTAL toilet paper roll holder is designed as one of the most simplistic, yet it is the most common toilet roll holder among households. The holder itself is composed entirely out of stainless steel, so the majority of embodied energy is found in the manufacturing and transportation process of the stainless steel holder. Through the examination of the key energy stages of manufacturing and distribution and transportation in the life cycle of IKEA’S GRUNDTAL stainless steel toilet paper holder, we will gain an insight to how this product serves to be people and planet positive as a major global retailer product. The Acquisition of Raw Materials: Iron mixed with carbon to produce steel is the main component of stainless steel. In acquiring the raw materials in order to produce the bulk of stainless steel, kinetic energy is provided in drilling pipes that allows the rock that holds iron to be extracted from the ground. Chemical energy and kinetic energy of man and hydraulic machinery is then used so it can be taken to grinding concentration mills and thoroughly separated as a raw material. Manufacturing and Processing: Primary production of steel usually involves using a blast furnace to produce molten iron from iron ore, coal, and coke, using fluxing agents such as limestone to remove any remaining impurities. Both electric and thermal energy is used to melt the raw materials of iron ore, nickel, and chromium together through a breakdown of gases in an electric furnace (8-12 hours of intense heat). Reduction of the iron ore is the largest energy-consuming process in the production of primary steel. Open-hearth furnaces are used in primary steelmaking with energy intensities of 3.9-5.0 GJ/t. The molten metal is then mechanically cut using shearing knives or flame cutters, chemically refined, and then cast into semi-finished forms. Bonding the stainless steel together to form toilet roll holders is done using both resistance welding and fusion welding. Many different energy sources can be used for welding including gas flame, lasers, friction, and an electric arc. Transportation and Distribution: IKEA has gradually made efforts to improve the efficiency of product transportation in the way that the company often redesigns its product range and shipments in order to minimize the number of journeys and distances traveled. Packaging the stainless steel products and the way they are packed into delivery trucks play such an important role in the efficiency of transporting goods. Specifically, this impacts the product transport system because the more products their company can fit into a massive container, the fewer journeys they need to make it to distribution sites. Vehicle transportation in cars and trucks consume more than 60% of energy used for total transportation. Moving the products to and from IKEA stores contributes to local emissions. Similar to the energy that is invested in extracting raw materials from the ground to make the stainless steel in IKEA toilet paper holders, wells are drilled to obtain petroleum rock oil from fossil fuel reservoirs. Diesel fuel is produced mainly from this source of petroleum and is used to fuel long-haul trucks that transport the stainless steel holders to IKEA distributors. The diesel fuel that is needed for automotive transportation engines has a thermal and extractable energy density of 35.8 MJ/L. One gallon of diesel fuel has 113 percent of the energy of one gallon of gasoline. Although using diesel is more energy-efficient than using gasoline, IKEA began replacing these conventional fuels in long-haul trucks and using liquefied natural gas instead. In Spain, all the trucks that replenish stock in Valencia now use liquefied natural gas. IKEA is continuing the expansion of this liquefied natural gas in order to aim for a more environmentally efficient means of transportation. Recycling is the primary energy efficient technology for stainless steel manufacturing. Primary production, in which steel is made from iron ore, is energy intensive. However, secondary production of steel, which involves the use of recycling scrap to make steel, is much more energy efficient. Chemical and kinetic energy are used in hydraulic machinery to cut and break down used steel toilet roll holders into smaller pieces. These small pieces are then melted again using electric and thermal energy in order to be reused for alternative manufacturing. Steel is melted in a furnace at approximately 1370 degrees Celsius. Ultimately, this is one of the most important and admirable qualities about this stainless steel product – it is able to be recycled after it has been thoroughly used by consumers. In terms of energy reduction, the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that secondary steel production uses about 74 percent less energy than the production of steel from initial iron ore. Because the entire holder can be recycled and used all over again, this is an incredible step in the product’s journey of being planet positive. All in all, the energy that is embodied and saved in all aspects of the life cycle of IKEA’s GRUNDTAL stainless steel toilet roll holder demonstrates a step in the right direction of becoming even more people and planet positive. Companies are constantly questioning the energy that is included in raw material acquisition, production, transportation, and waste management in order to determine new and improved methods for the life cycle of this stainless steel product. The aim to use more sustainable resources for raw materials and fuel is gradually being discovered in order to collaborate with different suppliers and hopefully encourage their overall environmental impacts and efficiency in the future. Source Citations "About IKEA." Sustainability Reports. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. <http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ikea/read_our_material/index.html>. Li, Li, Yalin Lei, and Dongyang Pan. "Study of CO2 Emissions in China’s Iron and Steel Industry Based on Economic Input–output Life Cycle Assessment." Nat Hazards Natural Hazards 81.2 (2015): 957-70. Web. Guilbert, John M., and Charles F. Park, Jr. 1986. The Geology of Ore Deposits, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9991>. Price, L., J. Sinton, E. Worrell, D. Phylipsen, H. Xiulian, and L. Ji. "Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Steel Production in China." Energy 27.5 (2002): 429-46. Web. Quader, M. Abdul, Shamsuddin Ahmed, S.z. Dawal, and Y. Nukman. "Present Needs, Recent Progress and Future Trends of Energy-efficient Ultra-Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Steelmaking (ULCOS) Program." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (2016): 537-49. Web. "U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis." Recycling Is the Primary Energy Efficiency Technology for Aluminum and Steel Manufacturing. N.p., n.d. Web. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Technology Division. 1985(b) (September). Guideline Manual for Iron and Steel Manufacturing Pretreatment Standards. Washington, D.C. Weiss, N.L., (editor). 1985. SME Mineral Processing Handbook, Volumes 1 and Society of Mining Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. New York, New York. Worrell, Ernst, N. Martin, and L. Price. "Energy Efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Iron and Steel Sector." (1999): n. pag. Web. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/microsoft-hololens daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457932577658-89R1584TP9OEAOOLVSH1/image-asset.jpeg Microsoft HoloLens     Steven An Professor C. Cogdell Design 40A 14 March 2016 Materials in the Microsoft HoloLens The HoloLens is a wearable device similar to glasses that is currently being developed by Microsoft. Similar to Google Glass, the device projects images for the user to see, but aims for a more ambitious goal, projecting a faux three dimensional image. Microsoft aims to change the workspace and gaming experiences with an augmented reality that can adapt to one’s surroundings. Microsoft believes that being able to see objects in real size can aid with training simulations. The Microsoft HoloLens is a revolutionary new product looking to change workflow. Even though it has not been released yet, its materials and their respective life cycles can be inferred. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a recyclable, lightweight and stiff plastic that has many applications. It is likely that ABS would be chosen as the material for the framework and screws because it easy to color through pigmentation and easy to machine. This material is a “terpolymer made by polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene” [1] . Butadiene and propene are made from a process called steam cracking which breaks down saturated hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons from materials such as propane and butane [2] . Saturated hydrocarbons are usually variants of petroleum and crude oil. The styrene monomer is from the ‘dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene” [3] . Ammonia is produced by “combining hydrogen and nitrogen under high pressures” is combined with propene to make acrylonitrile [4] . The three chemicals needed to make ABS are secondary materials and the plastic itself can be considered as tertiary. The raw ABS is then colored and molded, which makes it ready for assembly. When ABS in the product is no longer needed, it is shredded and then combined with new ABS to produce a “desirable recycled plastic” [5] . Recycling ABS is a desirable course of action because it is cheaper to recycle than to synthesize new plastic. Polycarbonate is another easy to machine and recyclable plastic that might be used in the HoloLens due to its finish. This would most likely be used as the lens material for the glasses due to its finish properties. Polycarbonate is made through “the reaction of bisphenol A [treated with sodium hydroxide and phosgene” [6] . The production of phosgene involves passing “purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon” [7] . BPA is made by condensing one part “acetone with two equivalents [parts] of phenol”, while being catalyzed by a strong acid [8] . Both acetone and phenol are products from the cumene process. The main part of the process involves the reaction of “propylene and benzene in the process of acid-based catalysts” which is then converted to liquid form and then separated with “sulfuric acid” to make phenol and acetone [9] . Benzene and propene and made from crude oil. If the process starts at isolating the benzene and propene, polycarbonate can be considered to be a septenary product. Sodium hydroxide is made from an “electrolyzed” salt solution that produces it as a byproduct [10] . The BPA is treated with sodium hydroxide which makes diphenoxide. Polycarbonate is produced when the diphenoxide reacts with phosgene. Once the polycarbonate is molded into the correct shape, it can be polished with a vaporized solvent, giving the plastic its transparency. Similar to ABS, when polycarbonate is not needed anymore, it is cleaned, shredded and then turned into small granulates which are ready for a manufacturer to use again [11] . Polycarbonate and ABS are two strong and durable materials that would be suitable for the HoloLens’ frame and lenses. Acrylic is a plastic made from petroleum that can be used as a camera or projection lens. The HoloLens is able to recognize the user’s surroundings and can also project images onto the lens which the user sees as holograms. Compared to glass, acrylic is easier to machine cheaper to manufacture, and lighter. This material is made from acetone, sodium cyanide and methyl alcohol. Acetone is made for the most part from the cumene process which accounts for about 90% of all acetone made. Sodium cyanide is made from the combination of ammonia and caustic soda, or sodium hydroxide [12] . Methyl alcohol is synthesized from a natural gas, which is “reformed” with steam and then distilled into a pure biodegradable alcohol [13] . One way to make acrylic is to first put the acetone with the sodium cyanide to make acetone cyanohydrin. Then the acetone cyanohydrin is put together with the methyl alcohol and the plastic is formed [14] . Starting from the beginning of the cumene process, acrylic can be considered as senary product. It is notable that if petroleum is used to make the plastic, it takes 2 kilograms of petroleum just to make one kilogram of acrylic. After the acrylic is made and shaped into the lenses, it needs to be coated to improve the light transmission and prevent internal reflections. Some lens designs require multiple lenses to be glued together which brings in lens cement. The recycling of acrylic is hard because it requires a lot of energy and the process might release “potential environmental hazard[s]” [15] . One of the ways to recycle it is called pyrolysis which is heating up the plastic to a very high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Depolymerization is the other way to recycle it, requiring the plastic to be heated until the monomers making up the structure separate. The use of acrylic for the camera and projector lens may not be very environmentally friendly, but is cost and weight efficient. The Hololens will contain one or more logic boards which will most likely be printed circuit boards (PCBs) to carry out all of its functions. Even if the logic boards do not do all the calculations, it must be able to transfer power to the instruments such as the speakers, microphones, cameras and projectors while also being able to interpret and send back the data to the processing unit at the very least. The physical board is made from fiberglass, glass that has been elongated via gravity, which serves are the strengthening material in epoxy resin. Glass is created by melting various materials, such as silica, limestone and soda together [16] . This would be considered a secondary material because glass cannot be extracted from the ground. Copper traces are printed onto the board in order to provide connections between various parts. A variety of other metals can be used on the board including, but not limited to nickel, gold, lead, aluminum and tin lead, depending on the designer’s needs. The designer also has the choice of putting on integrated circuits, resistors, transistors, and many other electronic components. Many of these metals are extracted from mines, and then purified at a forge. When PCBs are recycled, the most valuable element on there is gold, which can be dissolved in sodium cyanide. Usually, a large amount of boards that contain trace amounts of gold are put into a vat of this acid to make recycling cost effective. When the board is recycled, it is likely that the only gold, silver and copper will be retrieved, and not any of the circuits or other components. Even though the integrated circuits and processing units on the PCB will not be fully recycled, they are needed to make the HoloLens work. The HoloLens is able to work without having a connection to a power supply due to an internal battery. One of the most cost effective and most efficient battery types is the lithium ion battery. The physical battery will contain a compound that contains lithium which stores the electricity, a cathode, anode, insulation casing, and a charging chip. The pure lithium is “recovered from brine, or water with a high concentration of lithium carbonate” [17] . A combination of metals, including manganese, cobalt, vanadium and nickel, are combined with the lithium to form a cathode that has best possible properties [18] . The anode can be made from “lithium, graphite, lithium-alloying materials, intermetallics, or silicon” [19] . Electrolytes that compose the main portion of the battery can be liquid, solid or polymer. They are formed “from pastes of active material powders, binders, solvents and additives” which are put onto a foil. These are then stacked between in alternating layers in a “separator anode separator cathode” fashion. Once they have been tested, the battery is sealed. The charging circuit will most likely be on the logic board where the chips reside. Insulation on the outside of the battery will be made from plastic as it is a light, cheap and easy to shape insulator. Once the battery has reached the end of its lifespan, it is possible to recycle it, but it takes “five times the cost of lithium produced from … least costly … process” [20] . This statistic may not be true as there are many ways to extract the lithium including “mechanical, mechanochemical, thermal [and] electrochemical process [es]” that can be used [21] . The method the article referred to which produced the “five times” statistic is unknown and should not be trusted. As research into recycling methods continue, it may be feasible to extract and reuse most of the materials put into the battery. The more efficient the HoloLens is with its power, the less cycles the batteries will have to endure, increasing the battery’s lifespan. The part that will most likely consume the most power would be the processing units because of the sheer amount of tasks the HoloLens needs to complete. Silicon is the main material used in the production of logic and computational circuits such as central processing units (CPU), graphical processing units (GPU), and integrated circuits (IC). The silicon acts as the base of the chip while extremely small copper traces are put above to make the actual transistors. The HoloLens needs all three of these chips in order to function correctly because in addition to interpreting the surroundings and rendering images, there may be some specialized tasks that would be best performed by ICs. The silicon is extracted from a particular type of sand that is taken off of the ground [22] . It is then purified and made into a cylindrical block which is then cut into flat circular plates. These plates serve as the base of the chip. The copper that is put onto the chip to make circuits is first extracted from the ground as an ore, which is then purified in a forge. Once the silicon has been etched and had a covering applied to it, the copper is put on and specific points are connected to each other [23] . The physical CPU and ICs are made in a similar process, albeit with different circuit designs. The chips can be considered as secondary products as the materials that went in were purified after being extracted from the earth. It should be noted that it would not be very efficient to recycle these components for their raw materials because of small they are. Furthermore, if they are soldered onto the logic board, it would be extremely cost inefficient to remove the chips for use on another system. The CPU and potentially the ICs may not need to be very powerful, and could not be used in the far future with other systems, but they are needed to process the data being received and create the data being outputted by the HoloLens. The HoloLens is able to accept and interpret commands by the user as well as play sounds. It must have multiple microphones in order to gather sound accurately. The main similarity between microphones and speakers is the magnets, albeit the uses are quite different. A microphone’s magnet is moved by sound pushing on a diaphragm, generation current in the surrounding coils. A speaker moves the magnet via current applied to the coils which in turn moves the diaphragm which attached to the magnet, generating sound. The magnets are generally neodymium which is a rare earth metal that is mined from the ground. Coils surrounding the magnets are usually made of copper because of its high conductivity [24] . Accompanying most microphones and speakers are small circuits that regulate the voltage going into the speaker and a chip that amplifies the signal and reduces noise. In both, there are small wires that transfer the signal to and from the instruments. On the wire there is insulation made from petroleum which protects the pollution of signals from other wires. As these speakers and microphones all fit inside the HoloLens, they have to be really small and it would not be feasible to recycle. The amount of energy needed to recycle these small components would not be worth the amount of reclaimed materials. Microphones and speakers may be better suited for reuse rather than recycling because of this. A majority of the HoloLens’ volume is occupied by the structures that contain the logic boards as well as the power supply. Materials were assumed to be used in the HoloLens because of their cost and properties. The majority of the materials include, but are not limited to ABS plastic, polycarbonate, acrylic, silicon, copper, and neodymium magnets. All of the materials that were stipulated to be used in the HoloLens are widely available to any company that would like to use them. It is possible to recycle most of the materials used, but it all depends on whether the recycler thinks that the recycled goods are worth his time and money. Even though it may take a considerable amount of energy to transform the materials mentioned into parts for the HoloLens, there may be some unknown material that requires more energy to make and transport than all the ones listed here combined. Until a HoloLens has been taken apart and examined, one can only speculate what materials compose the HoloLens. [1] "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. [2] "CIEC Promoting Science at the University of York, York, UK." Propene (Propylene). The University of York, 24 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [3] "Styrene (monomers)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. [4] Schmidhuber, Jurgen. "Haber-Bosch Process." HABER & BOSCH - Haber-Bosch Process. Nature, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [5] Faes, Eric. "Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene." PlasticsEurope. Plastics Europe, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. [6] "Polycarbonate." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. [7] "Phosgene." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [8] "Bisphenol A." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [9] "Acetone Production and Manufacturing Process." Acetone Production and Manufacturing Process. Reed Business Information, 1 Nov. 2007. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. [10] AP-42, CH 8.11: Chlor-Alkali (n.d.): 1+. US EPA. EPA. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [11] "Polycarbonate Recycling." Plastic Expert. Plastic Expert, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [12] "Sodium Cyanide." Sodium Cyanide. Orica, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. [13] "How Is Methanol Made?" Methanol Institute. Methanol Institute, 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [14] "Acrylic Plastic." How Acrylic Plastic Is Made. Advameg Inc., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. [15] "PMMA Acrylic Recycling." Plastic Expert. Plastic Expert, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [16] "About Glass." All. Brit Glass, 2003. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. [17] "Lithium." Minerals Education Coalition. Minerals Education Coalition, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [18] Daniel, Claus. "Materials and Processing for Lithium-ion Batteries." Materials and Processing for Lithium-ion Batteries. TMS, Sept. 2008. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. [19] See above [20] Kumar, Aswin. "The Lithium Battery Recycling Challenge." Recycling. Waste Management World, 01 Aug. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. [21] Xu, Jinqui, H. R. Thomas, Rob W. Francis, Ken R. Lum, Jingwei Wang, and Bo Liang. "The Recycling of Lithium-ion Secondary Batteries." The Recycling of Lithium-ion Secondary Batteries. ScienceDirect, 2 Mar. 2008. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. [22] "Silica." Minerals Education Coalition. Minerals Education Coalition, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. [23] Goodhead, Paul. "How to Make a CPU: From Sand to Shelf." Bit-tech. Bit Tech, 10 June 2010. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. [24] Sibberson, Ernst S. "Microphone." How Microphone Is Made. How Products Are Made, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. Bibliography "About Glass." All. Brit Glass, 2003. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. "Acetone Production and Manufacturing Process." Acetone Production and Manufacturing Process. Reed Business Information, 1 Nov. 2007. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. "Acrylic Plastic." How Acrylic Plastic Is Made. Advameg Inc., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. AP-42, CH 8.11: Chlor-Alkali (n.d.): 1+. US EPA. EPA. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Bisphenol A." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. Cavette, Chris. "Printed Circuit Board." How Printed Circuit Board Is Made. How Products Are Made, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "CIEC Promoting Science at the University of York, York, UK." Propene (Propylene). The University of York, 24 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Cracking." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2016. Daniel, Claus. "Materials and Processing for Lithium-ion Batteries." Materials and Processing for Lithium-ion Batteries. TMS, Sept. 2008. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. Faes, Eric. "Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene." PlasticsEurope. Plastics Europe, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. Goodhead, Paul. "How to Make a CPU: From Sand to Shelf." Bit-tech. Bit Tech, 10 June 2010. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "How Is Methanol Made?" Methanol Institute. Methanol Institute, 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. Kumar, Aswin. "The Lithium Battery Recycling Challenge." Recycling. Waste Management World, 01 Aug. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Lithium." Minerals Education Coalition. Minerals Education Coalition, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Phosgene." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Polycarbonate." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "Polycarbonate Recycling." Plastic Expert. Plastic Expert, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Poly(methyl Methacrylate)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "PMMA Acrylic Recycling." Plastic Expert. Plastic Expert, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. "Refining Silicon." Refining Silicon. PV Education, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. Schmidhuber, Jurgen. "Haber-Bosch Process." HABER & BOSCH - Haber-Bosch Process. Nature, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. Sibberson, Ernst S. "Microphone." How Microphone Is Made. How Products Are Made, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. Sibberson, Ernst S. "Stereo Speaker." How Stereo Speaker Is Made. How Products Are Made, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "Silica." Minerals Education Coalition. Minerals Education Coalition, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. "Sodium Cyanide." Sodium Cyanide. Orica, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. "Styrene (monomers)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. Xu, Jinqui, H. R. Thomas, Rob W. Francis, Ken R. Lum, Jingwei Wang, and Bo Liang. "The Recycling of Lithium-ion Secondary Batteries." The Recycling of Lithium-ion Secondary Batteries. ScienceDirect, 2 Mar. 2008. Web. 02 Mar. 2016.   Anwana Ntofon DES 40A – Professor Cogdell March 14th, 2016 Power, Productivity, and Potential: The Microsoft HoloLens In recent years, virtual and augmented reality have become rapidly growing industries. From a commercial and mainstream standpoint, they have been in constant competition, due to perceived advantages and disadvantages. Virtual reality technology generates computer simulations in order to create real-life or fabricated environments. In contrast, augmented reality technology generates computer images on top of real-life environments. This allows users to incorporate this technology into their daily lives. A notable and upcoming device is the Microsoft HoloLens. It is a wearable headset that is capable of projecting 3-D holograms into the real world. For this reason, Microsoft states that the device captures mixed reality (combination of virtual and augmented reality). The level of power that the HoloLens will possess is a significant indicator in the amount embodied energy outputted by all of its components. Microsoft’s HoloLens is a revolutionary product that allows its users to visualize their ideas and maximize the productivity of certain tasks, taking place within an immersive and dynamic world. Its composition of sensors, chips, and other components undergo a lifecycle that entails the acquisition of raw materials, the manufacturing process, distribution and transportation, use and maintenance, recycling materials, and handling waste. The raw materials of the HoloLens consist of copper, lithium, silicon, and many others. For example, copper is an element that can be used to transfer electricity, a key component for chip and circuit design [1] . It exists within copper ore, which is mined in open pit or underground mines [2] . Drilling machines and explosives are used to uncover copper ore. Most drilling machines use gas or oil as their fuel source, both of which are forms of primary energy. It follows that explosives such as ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil mixture) also contain oil [3] . Other materials are taken from the ground by heating processes (i.e. heating sand to produce silicon) and chemical mixtures (i.e. melting of silica, limestone, ash, and other ingredients) [4] . Most of the raw materials that make up the HoloLens are extracted through primary energy processes, which use oil, gas, and coal fuel sources. The primary energy processes align with the processes used to transport these raw materials to factories. Some materials are in different forms when they are extracted (i.e. liquid, ore), so they are handled by different methods. Ore that is extracted from mines is transported to factories by trucks, which use oil as their fuel source. Trains can also serve as transportation, using coal as their respective fuel source. Through these modes of transportation, the raw materials can be shaped into its final form so that different components are assembled into a working product. Theese steps include manufacturing, processing, and formulation of the device. Before proceeding much further, I want to note that the Microsoft HoloLens has not yet been shipped to consumers or developers; shipping for developers exclusively begins March 30th, 2016. Therefore, issues arose when researching this product because major details have been withheld from the public and the press in order to divert attention from Microsoft’s current project. My group, as well as I, had to make educated guesses. We researched other technologies that shared similar characteristics, such as the Google Glass and the Samsung Gear Virtual Reality headset. Shared characteristics include: computer chips, processors (i.e. CPUs, GPUs), sensors, and other features. This is the reason for my speculation of how raw materials are processed and the length of time that goes into manufacturing certain components (glass, camera, etc.). Nevertheless, I speculate that machines used to process the raw materials utilize thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical forms of energy. Revisiting the copper example, it goes through several processes (beneficiation, refining, smelting, etc.), which all use a variety of energies [5] . Another example is of fiberglass, whose quality is maintained by being transferred through an electric melter, ultimately using thermal heat to melt the glass and observe any potential flaws [6] . The fiberglass is speculated to be the visor that covers the eyes of a HoloLens user, similar to how sunglasses cover a person’s eyes. Large amounts of heat are added in melting process, such as with the heating of sand. The carbon in this process is able to reach temperatures close to 2200o C [7] . In addition, the glass mixture may take over 20 hours to obtain its desired form [8] . The length of particular processes can be overwhelming, as well as types of power used. These include coal-powered electricity and fossils fuels in machines. The reason that this is overwhelming is because that these resources are not sustainable and they are negatively affecting the climate. The more the HoloLens products will continue to ship, the more manufacturers have to utilize machines and methods that cause an increase in global warming and severe climate change. Due to the HoloLens’ global reach in materials, the amount of fuel is perceived to be severe as well. The amount of fuel required to transport the product to stores as well as consumers must be speculated because of the product’s upcoming release date. However, if the HoloLens is expected to ship in the U.S. first, the amount of fuel is speculated to be thousands of gallons of gas, roughly 8,000-10,000 gallons. However, if these products are being distributed on a global level, the number may double or even triple. The global level is included because some devices within the HoloLens are located in different areas of the world, such as the inertial measurement unit from EPSON, a Japanese technology company [9] . Transportation may range from weeks to months respectively but there is no guarantee. The use of the product may inform superiors within the Microsoft and the HoloLens team if it is a smart move to ship out many products that may possess potential technology flaws (i.e. malfunctioning of processors). The HoloLens will use energy constantly in order to render and display 3-D holographic images into a user’s reality. There is not a fixed amount of energy that will be used. Tasks such as image rendering, sensor functions, and graphic display will be working in a synergistic manner. Furthermore, the HoloLens, may be incorporating an unreleased Intel Atom chip in its design, noted for its small size (14nm). An example of such a chip is the Intel Atom x5-Z8550 Processor, which includes multiple cores and threads for multitasking applications and a 1.44 GHz Processor Base Frequency [10] . Although it is difficult to determine if the HoloLens can output more power with more advanced chips, the kind of energy most likely used is electric and electromagnetic energy. Other questions such as reuse and maintenance of the product are also tough to identify, for reasons mentioned above. In terms of the product’s longevity, this time will not be known until consumers have used it for a few years. Only then can a logical assessment be made about recycling certain materials. I hypothesize that recycling will not take much energy because I do not believe that the hardware will be recycled freely or at all. It may turn out that the Microsoft HoloLens team may decide to dispose of any important components that make up the product as a precaution against their competition. However, if I were to observe the recycling process from another perspective, I believe that it would take quite a deal of energy to recycle materials from fiberglass, sensors, and the multiple chips involved. Each component may need to be handled in a specific manner, to raise its chances of reusability. For the Microsoft HoloLens to end its life-cycle at an e-waste (electronic waste) location, an individual needs to assume that it can be processed there. If it can, then the waste machines would be capable of the decimation or modification of such a product. One company that handles e-waste is Krause Manufacturing, located in San Diego, California. It possesses optical and regular sorting techniques. Machines within the optical sorting equipment are the CIRRUS, L-VIS, and METALSORT [11] . The CIRRUS in particular has features that include an all-metal detector, a color sensor and a color touch-screen user interface. The machines appear to merely sort materials into categories such as scrap metals, plastics, and so on. The end of the lifecycle appears to be more relaxed and less harsh than one would have expected. As its shipping date approaches, the Microsoft HoloLens is under major scrutiny from tech enthusiasts, critics, and consumers. Logical speculations can be made through the observation of other wearable devices and their corresponding raw materials. The true embodied energy of the HoloLens is yet to be determined, however; the device is still one of Microsoft’s most important products in the history of the company. Familiar software (i.e. Windows 10) and hardware components (i.e. CPUs) exist within the powerful wearable headset that seeks to revolutionize what it means to visually express one’s ideas. In addition, the level of productivity and connectivity between other users make it a promising device. From raw materials to waste, the HoloLens’ journey through manufacturers and distributors allow the product to become a global, shared experience. The Microsoft HoloLens has designed a fresh concept of mixed reality, which has the potential to create an immersive and worthwhile experience.   [1] Hamilton, Jason. “Copper.” ScienceViews. 8 Aug. 2008. 12 Mar. 2016 <http://scienceviews.com/geology/copper.html>. [2] “Copper.” How Products are Made. 12 Mar. 2016 <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Copper.html>. [3] “Explosives – ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate – Fuel Oil).” GlobalSecurity.org. 12 March 2016 < http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/explosives-mining2.htm >. [4] Bank, Eric. "Temperature Needed to Turn Silicon Into Glass." Seattlepi. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://education.seattlepi.com/temperature-needed-turn-silicon-glass-3715.html>. [5] “Copper – From Beginning to End” Copper Development Association Inc. 12 March 2016 <http://www.copper.org/education/copper-production>. [6] “Fiberglass.” How Products are Made. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Fiberglass.html>. [7] Kubach, Charles. “Silicon.” The Mineral Mine. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/mineral/silicon.htm>. [8] Bank, Eric. "Temperature Needed to Turn Silicon Into Glass." Seattlepi. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://education.seattlepi.com/temperature-needed-turn-silicon-glass-3715.html>. [9] “Epson Inertial Measurement Unit.” EPSON. 3 Feb. 2016 < https://www.epsondevice.com/download_e/imu/>. [10] “Intel Atom x5-Z8550 Processor (2M Cache, up to 2.40 GHz).” Intel. 29 Feb. 2016 < http://ark.intel.com/products/93360/Intel-Atom-x5-Z8550-Processor-2M-Cache-up-to-2_40-GHz>. [11] “eWaste Recycling Equipment.” Krause Manufacturing. 12 March 2016 <http://www.krausemanufacturing.com/recycling-equipment/optical-sorting-equipment/e-waste-recycling-equipment/ >.     BIBLIOGRAPHY Hamilton, Jason. “Copper.” ScienceViews. 8 Aug. 2008. 12 Mar. 2016 <http://scienceviews.com/geology/copper.html>. Bank, Eric. "Temperature Needed to Turn Silicon Into Glass." Seattlepi. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://education.seattlepi.com/temperature-needed-turn-silicon-glass-3715.html>. Kubach, Charles. “Silicon.” The Mineral Mine. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/mineral/silicon.htm>. “Fiberglass.” How Products are Made. 12 Mar. 2016 < http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Fiberglass.html>. “Copper.” How Products are Made. 12 Mar. 2016 <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Copper.html>. “Intel Atom x5-Z8550 Processor (2M Cache, up to 2.40 GHz).” Intel. 29 Feb. 2016 < http://ark.intel.com/products/93360/Intel-Atom-x5-Z8550-Processor-2M-Cache-up-to-2_40-GHz >. “Epson Inertial Measurement Unit.” EPSON. 3 Feb. 2016 < https://www.epsondevice.com/download_e/imu/>. “Explosives – ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate – Fuel Oil).” GlobalSecurity.org. 12 March 2016 < http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/explosives-mining2.htm >. “eWaste Recycling Equipment.” Krause Manufacturing. 12 March 2016 < http://www.krausemanufacturing.com/recycling-equipment/optical-sorting-equipment/e-waste-recycling-equipment/ >. “Copper – From Beginning to End” Copper Development Association Inc. 12 March 2016 <http://www.copper.org/education/copper-production>.   Michaela-Hope Poblete Professor C. Cogdell DES40 March 14, 2016   The Waste and Emissions of the Microsoft HoloLens As each year brings us wider screens, clearer cameras, improved multi-touch, and higher definition, the consumers, creators, and scientists aspire towards holographic projection and the Microsoft HoloLens breaks ground in that field. Microsoft officially defined the HoloLens as “the first fully untethered holographic computer running Windows 10. It is completely untethered - no wires, phones, or connection to a PC needed. Microsoft HoloLens allows you to place holograms in your physical environment and provides a new way to see your world.” The computer was created to be worn on the head and looks similar to a pair of sunglasses. While many components of the HoloLens are still expected to make advancements, the old must be done away with by means of waste disposal and recycling. Like all other electronic products, the Microsoft HoloLens will eventually and unavoidably create emissions and waste from its manufacturing and disposal. Because the Microsoft HoloLens has yet to be mass produced, my research of the potential waste and emissions from the Microsoft HoloLens is significant speculation based off of what has happened to previous electronic devices in its manufacturing and after serving its full life span. The materials composing the HoloLens include but are not limited to, silicon doped with boron or arsenic (for the Central Processing Unit), copper, a metal called hafnium, gold[1], aluminum oxide and ruthenium oxide for resistors[2], plastic that is chemically modified for the product, metal alloys[3], glass for the lenses, and a host of other chemicals and materials. Without doubt, the many materials composing the HoloLens takes effort to extract or produce. That effort will eventually produce waste and emissions. According to the Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency Environmental Guidelines for Electronics Manufacturing, “Potential air emissions from semiconductor manufacturing include: toxic, reactive, and hazardous gases; organic solvents; and particulates from the process. Potential air emissions from the manufacture of printed circuit boards include: acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, nitric and acetic; chlorine; ammonia; and organic solvent vapors… Effluents (waste and emissions released into environmental waterways) from the manufacture of semiconductors may have a low pH from hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids, and may contain organic solvents… Effluents from the manufacture of printed circuit boards may contain: organic solvents, vinyl polymers, stannic oxide, metals such as copper, nickel, iron chromium, tin, lead, palladium and gold, cyanides, sulfates, fluorides and fluoborates, ammonia, and acids.[4]” A significant amount of waste and emissions are released into the surrounding environment with the manufacturing of these two components of the HoloLens alone. It is reasonable to assume that much more waste, emissions, and byproducts results in the manufacturing when one takes into account the rest of the components that must be manufactured for the HoloLens to fully function. After the manufacturing process is over, the HoloLens will be shipped to Microsoft stores and headquarters around the world. With some hardware and most likely the HoloLens being manufactured in Asia[5], the products will inevitably take a long journey to North America for dispersion. The ways of transportation from Asia to North America will be via airplane or ship. Let’s speculate, for a moment, that the HoloLens will be made specifically in China, and that the product will be shipped on a Boeing 747 airplane. The 747 airplane burns 5 gallons of fuel per mile[6] and the distance between China and the US is approximately 7233 miles. That makes the total amount of fuel burned 36,165 gallons. Much carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. A plane releases 53 pounds of carbon dioxide per mile[7] which means that a whopping total of 383,349 pounds of carbon dioxide is released into the air from China to the US. Once the products arrive in North America, the electronics will be shipped around the US by different means of transportation including a semi-truck. Let’s say the HoloLens were to arrive at Redmond, Washington (the headquarters of Microsoft) and needed to be shipped to New York City by way of semi-truck. A semi-truck will burn 6.5 miles per gallon[8]. Google maps shows that the miles between New York City and Redmond, Washington totals to 2866. That’s 18,629 gallons of fuel burned on a one way trip. I was unable to find information on semi-truck carbon dioxide emissions per mile, but one can imagine the extent of carbon dioxide emitted during a single drive from Redmond to New York City based on the amount of gallons of fuel burned. The actual use of the device is expected to have a minuscule amount of emissions compared to its transportation. The HoloLens is untethered which means that it won’t run from electricity through the power outlets that we commonly use for our other electronics. It’s safe to speculate that it will store power in a battery and can be recharged like any other electronic device. In a positive light, emissions during the HoloLens use is at its least amount during its entire life cycle which is what Microsoft actively seeks to improve in its own products. The high efficiency of the product during use will lead to little to no emissions and waste. The low emissions, low waste production during actual use will change to high emissions and high waste production once the HoloLens has served its entire life span and is ready to be recycled and/or disposed of. Microsoft seems to have a strong recycling policy for its products and takes pride in the work it does to reduce its carbon footprint. Microsoft has explicitly stated in its environmental principles, “Microsoft actively works to protect our natural resources by doing the following: Conserving, reusing, and recycling. When it is feasible, Microsoft conserves natural resources by using recycled materials and supplies, efficiently using energy, and participating in recycling programs for Microsoft products after they have served their useful life. Microsoft encourages and supports the sustainable use of renewable natural resources. Reducing and disposing of waste. Microsoft reduces and where possible eliminates waste through source reduction and recycling at company facilities. All waste is safely and responsibly handled and disposed of. Developing safe and sustainable products. Microsoft develops, manufactures, and markets products that are safe for their intended use. Our environmental policies and practices aim to protect, conserve, and sustain the world's natural resources and also protect Microsoft customers and the communities where we live and operate.[9]” They act upon their environmental principles by incorporating a “Recycle for Rewards” program. In the program, the consumer can bring an outdated electronic and turn it in at a Microsoft store to receive credit towards a new Microsoft product. The company will then take the electronic and salvage any recyclable parts still in tact. There is no service charge[10]. There are two other ways in which the HoloLens will likely be disposed of. One possibility can be through e-waste recycling plants based in the United States[11]. Another possible disposal method would be through the mass shipping and disposal of old electronics in foreign continents and countries such as Africa[12] and China[13]. Although the process is not without flaws, recycling at e-waste recycling plants in the US proves to be a better way of disposing an electronic device. Once the electronics arrive at the e-waste recycling plant, it will be disassembled and circuitboards[14] will be separated from the product. CPUs will also be separated from the circuitboards and will be stripped of the gold, silver, and copper[15]. Other non-recyclable materials will be broken down to smaller pieces[16]. Metal alloys are melted down and the iron can be sold to different companies[17]. Not only does this method help the environment, but it also proves to be a benefit economically. The second method would be through e-waste disposal in foreign countries. Electronic waste is disposed of in North America and will then be shipped to foreign countries. Notably Guiyu town located in China leads the way in waste collection[18]. Unfortunately, this is a largely inefficient method of disposal and is not environmentally friendly[19]. Because of the unregulated extraction methods and recycling methods, many toxins and harmful chemicals are released into the environment which even effects the health of the local people[20]. Fortunately Microsoft is taking active steps in increasing efficiency of the product itself as well as reducing the amount of wastes it produces[21]. Every product, whether organic or inorganic, will result in waste. Plants die and decompose, the iPhone 2 became obsolete, old food rots, buildings crumble, and the Microsoft HoloLens is no exception. Every product inevitably produces wastes and emissions, and the innovative product will do so like the preceding electronics although the amount of wastes the HoloLens will produce should be significantly less since Microsoft has designed it with efficiency and with the environment in mind. With that in mind, we can, in good conscience, look forward to the innovative product that will soon be released and explore the surreal experience of augmented reality.   [1] Free Documentary “HOW IT WORKS - Computer Recycling” Youtube Jan 29, 2014 Web. Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zU62hh3DBfg [2] PC Plus, “The Weird and Wonderful Materials that Make Up Your PC” July 22, 2012 Mar 14, 2016 http://www.techradar.com/us/news/computing/pc/the-weird-and-wonderful-materials-that-make-up-your-pc-1089510 [3] “ Gizmodo “Watch Your Dead Tech Get Demolished at an E-Waste Recycling Plant” Mar 20, 2015 Youtube. Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDVCldfYJ8k [4] Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency Environmental Guidelines for Electronics Manufacturing Mar 14, 2016 https://www.miga.org/documents/ElectronicsManufacturing.pdf [5] Dignan, Larry “Microsoft moves Nokia manufacturing from China to Vietnam” July 17, 2014 March 14, 2016, http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-moves-nokia-manufacturing-from-china-to-vietnam/ [6] How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip?” April 01, 2000 March 14, 2016 http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/question192.htm [7] “Airlines” March 14, 2016 http://blueskymodel.org/air-mile# [8] Berg, Phil “10 Things You Didn't Know About Semi Trucks” August 08, 2012 Web. March 14, 2016 http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/trucks/g116/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-semi-trucks/ [9] “ Microsoft “Corporate Social Responsibility” March 14, 2016 Web. https://www.microsoft.com/about/business-corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/ [10] Microsoft “Don't throw away free money. Trade in before you upgrade.” March 14, 2016 Web. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/locations/recycle [11] “eWaste Recycling Equipment.” Krause Manufacturing. 12 March 2016 <http://www.krausemanufacturing.com/recycling-equipment/optical-sorting-equipment/e-waste-recycling-equipment/ >. {12] SBS Dateline “E-Waste Hell” Sep 25, 2011 Youtube Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dd_ZttK3PuM {13} M.H. Wonga, , , S.C. Wua, W.J. Denga, X.Z. Yua, Q. Luoa, b, A.O.W. Leunga, C.S.C. Wongc, W.J. Luksemburgd, A.S. Wongd "Export of toxic chemicals – A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling” Oct. 11, 2006 Mar. 14, 2016 Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974910700098X [14] Free Documentary “HOW IT WORKS - Computer Recycling” Youtube Jan 29, 2014 Web. Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zU62hh3DBfg [15] Free Documentary “HOW IT WORKS - Computer Recycling” [16] Sims Recycling Global “How Computers and Electronics Are Recycled” Youtube Nov 07,2012 Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iw4g6H7alvo [17] Gizmodo “Watch Your Dead Tech Get Demolished at an E-Waste Recycling Plant” [18] M.H. Wonga, , , S.C. Wua, W.J. Denga, X.Z. Yua, Q. Luoa, b, A.O.W. Leunga, C.S.C. Wongc, W.J. Luksemburgd, A.S. Wongd "Export of toxic chemicals – A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling” Oct. 11, 2006 Mar. 14, 2016 Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974910700098X [19] M.H. Wonga, , , S.C. Wua, W.J. Denga, X.Z. Yua, Q. Luoa, b, A.O.W. Leunga, C.S.C. Wongc, W.J. Luksemburgd, A.S. Wongd [20] Journeyman Pictures “China's Horrendous Electronic Trash Dump” Youtube Oct. 27, 2007 Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHTWRYXy2gE [21] Microsoft “Corporate Social Responsibility”   Bibliography   Berg, Phil “10 Things You Didn't Know About Semi Trucks” Web. August 08, 2012 Dignan, Larry “Microsoft moves Nokia manufacturing from China to Vietnam” Web. July 17, 2014 Microsoft “Corporate Social Responsibility” March 14, 2016 Web. https://www.microsoft.com/about/business-corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/ Microsoft “Don't throw away free money. Trade in before you upgrade.” March 14, 2016 Web. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/locations/recycle Free Documentary “HOW IT WORKS - Computer Recycling” Online Video Clip Youtube January 29, 2014 Web. Mar 14, 2016 Journeyman Pictures “China's Horrendous Electronic Trash Dump” Online Video Clip Youtube Oct. 27, 2007 Mar 14, 2016 SBS Dateline “E-Waste Hell” Sep 25, 2011 Online Video Clip Youtube Mar 14, 2016 “Airlines” March 14, 2016 http://blueskymodel.org/air-mile# “How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip?” April 01, 2000 March 14, 2016 http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/question192.htm PC Plus, “The Weird and Wonderful Materials that Make Up Your PC” July 22, 2012 Mar 14, 2016 http://www.techradar.com/us/news/computing/pc/the-weird-and-wonderful-materials-that-make-up-your-pc-1089510 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency Environmental Guidelines for Electronics Manufacturing Mar 14, 2016 Gizmodo “Watch Your Dead Tech Get Demolished at an E-Waste Recycling Plant” Mar 20, 2015 OnlineVideo Clip. Youtube. Mar 14, 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDVCldfYJ8k M.H. Wonga, , , S.C. Wua, W.J. Denga, X.Z. Yua, Q. Luoa, b, A.O.W. Leunga, C.S.C. Wongc, W.J. Luksemburgd, A.S. Wongd "Export of toxic chemicals – A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling” Oct. 11, 2006 Mar. 14, 2016 Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974910700098X Sims Recycling Global “How Computers and Electronics Are Recycled” Online Video Clip Youtube Nov 07, 2012 Mar 14, 2016     http://www.designlife-cycle.com/life-cycle-of-tampons daily 0.75 2016-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1458023564543-9PM6IMW5DJ8K2EHT52PA/image-asset.jpeg Tampons http://www.designlife-cycle.com/snowboard daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457952181630-ANLP5U6RKRSNM9HW79FA/image-asset.jpeg Snowboard https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457954055417-7HU6K8V7VE7QFGQJT5I7/image-asset.png Snowboard https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457953744237-MY8PC0JT3VNN852CVY63/image-asset.png Snowboard http://www.designlife-cycle.com/adhesive-bandage daily 0.75 2016-03-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457938894110-Y5I574DC7B5LPBD8OY0X/image-asset.jpeg Adhesive Bandage http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cement daily 0.75 2019-09-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457967146409-XGMENV61FXMIXBHAIQ2J/image-asset.png Cement http://www.designlife-cycle.com/soft-contact-lenses daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457937872971-NAIO6OK1MCQGPTPI12JC/Soft+Contact+Lenses Soft Contact Lenses http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electric-cello daily 0.75 2016-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457954726126-5EWKEGCT49GC1WIB1F4B/pie+%281%29.jpg Electric Cello https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1457962586185-VL6FF1PC9F7BWSSI246L/image-asset.png Electric Cello http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cast-iron-pan daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480542441001-OEZJGBX589PZ7THUI75K/image-asset.jpeg Cast Iron Pan https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480578291761-8ZKHO2CTLXW1U94WE5UI/image-asset.jpeg Cast Iron Pan https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480578152891-RDNTRQHCZZB59PQ4HHT3/image-asset.png Cast Iron Pan http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rolex-life-cycle daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480556302544-A16GVV5V3V69AY0F54IN/Rolex+Datejust+41+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg Rolex Datejust 41 Watch http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bath-bomb daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480609626724-XYJ3AMV0OYEGAC99ET9G/image-asset.png Lush Intergalactic Bath Bomb http://www.designlife-cycle.com/basketball daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480569014944-QRMQSYYU16JFCJ04WMNF/ResearchPojrectPoster+png.png Basketball Life Cycle   Joseph Goodwin Professor Christina Cogdell Design 40A 1 December 2016 Life Cycle Analysis: Materials of a Basketball Over the past few years basketball has begun to rapidly grow in popularity. It's a fast paced game that can be exhilarating to watch, but few people consider the materials used to create the basis of the sport; the basketball. The modern basketball has 3 main components; a rubber bladder, a leather/composite cover, and a nylon/polyester carcass. Recreational balls have a synthetic leather or polyurethane leather cover while professional ones are made with real leather. The material chosen does change the properties the ball exhibits during use. For example a leather ball will bounce higher than a synthetic leather one, but the synthetic leather one is far less slippery. For manufacturing purposes, synthetic leather basketballs have replaced leather in order to keep costs low and profits high. One brand of basketball I will be referencing is Spalding, as they are the brand that produces the ball for professional play (NBA) as well as many different recreational versions. I will first examine each component of a basketball separately to isolate the raw materials acquisition as well as the manufacturing/processing required to get to the production of a basketball, as this is where a majority of the materials aspects of a basketball’s lifecycle is focused. I will then touch on both the use of a basketball as well as the end of its life cycle. A simple product like a basketball may not contain many different material components, but further examination of its lifecycle reveals the extensive story behind the materials that create an iconic product. The rubber bladder is by far the most consistently manufactured part of a basketball in terms of materials used. Almost all basketballs have a butyl rubber/natural rubber bladder. Butyl rubber is ideal because of its high impermeability to air which allows it to hold air without losing any considerable pressure. Another quality that is essential is its elasticity, which is responsible for the ability to bounce off the ground to an height useful for play. Natural rubber has an even greater elasticity and allows for a bounce that loses even less energy and returns to an even higher height. Over time it has become standard to use a mixture that is predominately butyl rubber with some natural rubber in order to maximize the air retention as well as the rebound height. A ratio of 85% butyl rubber to 15% natural rubber is considered standard. The inner bladder is responsible for a large portion of the basketball’s overall weight. To put this in context, the inner bladder usually weighs somewhere between 140-150g while the total weight of a deflated basketball is somewhere between 465-475g. This means that butyl rubber is about a quarter of the total weight. The primary materials of butyl rubber are crude oil as well as natural gas, which are found and extracted in various locations around the world. It takes several chemical processes as well as multiple additives to reach the final product. Because of this, it was very difficult to attempt and pinpoint an exact location in which the primary materials were extracted. Butyl rubber is a copolymer composed of 98% isobutylene and 2% isoprene. Isobutylene is produced through several processes, originating from propene collected from thermal cracking of crude oil. Similarly, isoprene is a byproduct of ethylene that is produced during thermal cracking as well. Exxon Mobile and Polysar Rubber Corp are responsible for producing most of the butyl rubber for the world. The Exxonmobil chemical production laboratory is based in Houston, Texas. Conversely to the obscurity in the original material extraction location of crude oil, 90% of the world’s natural rubber is produced in Southeast Asia (“Rubber Faqs”). Natural rubber can be extracted from a variety of different plants, but it is most abundant in the rubber tree which favors humid equatorial locations. In fact, 99% of natural rubber is produced from the rubber tree (Woodford, Chris). After extraction from the tree, the rubber is a liquid-sap that needs to be filtered and reacted with an acid in order to create the solid rubber we are familiar with. From here, the butyl rubber from Exxonmobil and the natural rubber from Southeast Asia must be transported to QingDao, China in order to produce the inner bladder of the basketball (Bindy). Most basketball covers are typically made from leather or composite leather such a polyurethane leather. The material in choice is determined usually by the environment the ball will be used in, as well as whether it will be use for professional/recreational use. Synthetic polyurethane leather has taken over as the predominant choice for production, in order to keep the prices low as well as profits high. This doesn’t mean that leather cover basketballs have become obsolete however, as the National Basketball Association (NBA) still uses real leather basketballs. In 2007 they tried to implement polyurethane leather basketballs, but the slight difference in rebound height was enough to bother the players, so they quickly reverted back to real leather. Higher end basketballs are manufactured using real leather. For these top tier basketballs, leather represents the only other material that is not synthetic. The leather used for these basketballs can be traced back to the United States. High quality basketballs manufactured for the NBA are made using Chromexcel, a leather often used in sports. The leather is produced in Chicago by Horween Leather Company. The company is also responsible for producing the leather used in manufacturing NFL footballs. One thing to note about production of basketballs using real leather is the very small amount of leather scrap waste; this is due to the high cost of the Chromexcel leather. Maximizing their profits has lead companies to cut the panels of a basketball in ways that leave little to no leather scraps. Recreational basketballs are created with synthetic leather covers such a polyurethane leather. Polyurethane leather and other alternatives provide additional durability for play outside, as well as weather/sunlight resistance that leather simply does not exhibit. On top of this, it is much cheaper for the companies to produce this, adding to the paradigm shift from real leather to synthetic leather over the past half century. Polyurethane leather is made from a base of fibers such as leather scraps or nylon/polyester all sealed together with polyurethane. There is an additional thin polyurethane layer on the surface. The polyurethane creates a surface that mimics the moisture absorbing effects of a real leather basketball. Unless the polyurethane leather is made from leather scraps, this portion of the life cycle begins from crude oil and natural gas much like the other components of a basketball. A nylon/polyester carcass is positioned in between the bladder and the cover of the basketball in order to help maintain the shape of the ball and add needed durability. Without it the butyl rubber would have a high tendency to deform over time, creating lumps on the basketball that ruin the functionality of the ball. The windings help to prevent these deformations and keep the basketball perfectly round, allowing for smooth bounces on all sides. Although the windings add durability, they do reduce the overall rebound height of the basketball. A typical carcass is made from winding thread made from 60% Nylon and 40% polyester around the inner bladder. A complete carcass has about 2100m of 1 micron diameter wound around it creating a thickness of about 0.3-0.7mm (Walker). Nylon 6-6 is chosen to as the predominant thread for the windings because of its strength. Nylon 6-6 has a variety of uses in apparel, but is typically used in products that require high tensile strength and abrasion resistance (“Nylon”). The high tensile strength and abrasion resistance is the reason Nylon adds durability and resistance to deformation for the basketball. Nylon begins its journey in manufacturing with primary materials much like butyl rubber did; crude oil and natural gas. The first step in the process starts with a process called cracking which breaks down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, producing benzene and propylene in the process. A series of chemical reactions leads to the final step in which Nylon 6-6 is created from the polycondensation of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine. It is collected in this raw solid form, which is then heated and melt extruded and spun into Nylon thread. Polyester is the final major component of the inner windings as well as the basketball. Some basketballs are made using solely Nylon, but polyester can comprise anywhere from 0-40% of the thread used for the carcass. The primary materials used in the reaction that produces polyester is crude oil, coal, water, and air. It is created through a process called polymerization, with the final reaction involving a by product of crude oil, alcohol, as well as carboxyl acid. The polyester is heated and melt extruded like Nylon into thin fibers, which are then spun into Polyester thread. Once these components have come together to become a basketball, it is time for the latter less material dependent half of the life cycle. Some basketballs are packaged in cardboard exterior boxes to prevent the exterior from abrasion during distribution and sale. Once a basketball has been purchased and is in use, it doesn’t take any additional materials to maintain it. The period of use can vary, but storing the basketball in a room temperature area that is away from sunlight and moisture will maximize its lifespan (“How to Care for a Basketball”). Keeping the ball to the correct pressure is important as well to ensure deformations don’t occur. When a basketball does eventually become unusable due to wear/deformation of the exterior cover or puncture of the rubber bladder, it cannot be recycled. A majority of basketballs end their life cycle in a landfill somewhere, although some are re used in creative ways. One thing that really stuck out to me about this life cycle was the recurring primary materials of natural gas and crude oil/coal. I initially presumed that fossil fuels would play a part primarily in the energy portion of this life cycle through distribution and manufacture, but I was surprised to find that it played a part in nearly every component. It made it fairly difficult to create a location based life cycle of the fossil fuel based parts of the basketball. Also, synthetic materials such as butyl rubber have numerous reactions required to create them, making it difficult to quantify how much oil was used in production. I emailed ExxonMobil in hopes to get more information about this, but no response was given. After reviewing the journey of each component of a basketball’s lifecycle independently, it becomes apparent that a product that once seemed simple actually requires an immense amount of materials processing before assembly. Overall, the life cycle of a basketball is very dependent on fossil fuels as a resource for production. The materials associated with the lifecycle are almost exclusively related to raw materials acquisition and manufacturing, as well as some basic materials for distribution. There is a lot of chemical synthesis required just to process the raw materials into the required materials for production. This life cycle demonstrates the complexity associated with even the simplest of products.     Works Cited "Basketball." How Basketball Is Made - Material, Manufacture, Making, History, Used, Dimensions, Composition, Structure, Steps. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2016. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Basketball.html>. Bondy, Filip. "F0LLOW THE BOUNCING BALL Spalding Jumps through Hoops around the World to Stay in Game." NY Daily News. N.p., 24 Mar. 2002. Web. 20 Nov. 2016. <http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/f0llow-bouncing-ball-spalding-jumps-hoops-world-stay-game-article-1.482646>. "Chromexcel®." Horween Leather Co. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2016. <http://www.horween.com/blog/2010/03/23/chromexcel%C2%AE-2>. Gerard, Barbara. "How Is Polyester Made?" How Is Polyester Made? Craft Tech Industries, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. <http://info.craftechind.com/blog/how-is-polyester-made>. "How to Care for a Basketball." Basketball.epicsports.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. <http://basketball.epicsports.com/how-to-care-for-a-basketball.html>. "Nylon." (n.d.): n. pag. Textile Exchange, Jan. 2016. Web. 20 Nov. 1016. <http://textileexchange.org/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2016/03/TE-Material-Snapshot_Nylon-66.pdf>. "Polyamide 66." Polyamide 66. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://pcinylon.com/index.php/markets-covered/polyamide-66>. "Polyester." How Polyester Is Made - Material, Manufacture, Making, History, Used, Structure, Steps, Product, History. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Polyester.html>. "Rubber Faqs." Rubber Manufacturers Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. <https://rma.org/about-rma/rubber-faqs>. Walker, Alan D., Joseph F. Baltronis, and Inc. Lisco. "Patent US5310178 - Basketball with Polyurethane Cover." Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <https://www.google.com/patents/US5310178>. Woodford, Chris. "Rubber: A Simple Introduction." Explain That Stuff. N.p., 05 Aug. 2016. Web. 20 Nov. 2016. <http://www.explainthatstuff.com/rubber.html>. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/boeing-787 daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480591613578-XBQTY9I2VI502HB08B0A/image-asset.png Boeing 787 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/movie-poster daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480547070983-Z0Z7EJVN13FVYV66NHIL/image-asset.png Movie Poster http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-campus-2 daily 0.75 2016-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480613310454-EUYUUEAU7BZ77IB31H65/image-asset.jpeg Apple Campus 2 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bic-cristal-ballpoint-pen daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480546311499-I1MMVZ9JKWSXXLDHZILW/image-asset.jpeg BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pen Nona Bouthsarath Professor C. Cogdell DES 040, Section 3 30 November 2016 BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pen Life Cycle: Raw Materials BIC Cristal ballpoint pens are the number one most consumed pens in the world. This common, inexpensive object is a staple in every household, and it is easily recognizable by its distinctive appearance and shape. Due to its seeming simplicity and ordinariness, not much thought goes into what processes go into the creation of this pen, and it has remained an often overlooked every day item. Unbeknownst to the common consumer, the creation of the BIC Cristal pen is a complex process that requires an enormous amount of energy and resources, and this process, like any product that must be manufactured, poses great environmental hazards to our world that we often do not stop to think about. By examining the individual components of the pen and understanding the myriad of processes that it must undergo before it is created and examined, then shipped, purchased, and finally in the hands of the consumer, it will become evident how much power, energy, and care went into making such a seemingly small and insignificant object, and how, through its continued mass production, only contributes to the overall destruction of our planet. The most significant portion of the BIC Cristal ballpoint pen is the materials that go into its creation. Its iconic clear, plastic, cylindrical appearance is known throughout the world, as BIC is an enormous corporation that operates and distributes its products worldwide. The materials account for the majority of the greenhouse gases produced during its lifecycle – both in their acquisition and manufacturing. This facet of their nature is crucial to the discourse of challenging our need for basic items, such as stationary, and weighing them against the potential environmental hazards that they cause. It is important to question even the simplest of items because even something as seemingly insignificant as the BIC Cristal pen requires an astounding amount of energy to manufacture. Furthermore, due to its status as a household name, its mass production further worsens the BIC corporation’s carbon footprint because due to its high demand and relative ease of production, thousands of BIC products are sold every second! With those sales, there are multiple factors to consider as the issue is much more nuanced than simply purchasing a product and then consuming it; there is a multitude of facets that go into every single object that must be considered, such as the materials that are acquired to make it, the processes that it must undergo to create it, the waste of the vehicles and airplanes that are used to transport it, and the overall waste of the product itself once consumers are done with it. The BIC Cristal pen is thusly the perfect candidate for scientific scrutiny due to its impressive popularity yet low amount of recognition as a contributor to the global environmental health crisis. Firstly, the individual components which comprise a BIC Cristal ballpoint are the barrel, cap, tube, tip, and ballpoint. The barrel is made of polystyrene, which is a cheap, non-recyclable plastic that takes upwards of five hundred years to decompose. The production of this plastic releases chlorofluorocarbons into the air, which contributes about 1,200 times the amount of greenhouse gases as carbon dioxide does. This material continues to be used, however, because when melted down and formed into the barrel, it provides a clear casing for the pen that allows consumers to see how much ink they have left within their product. The cap and ink tube, on the other hand, are made with a different plastic – polypropylene. Polypropylene is a recyclable plastic that is used for its durability and resistance to impact, and although it is less harsh to produce than polystyrene, it still produces a considerable amount of greenhouse gases during its production. Furthermore, the primary producers of these synthetic plastics are China, France, the Netherlands, and the United States – first world countries that often prioritize environmental efficiency and have high environmental standards for their corporations, which BIC prides their self upon. However, despite this singular instance of altruism, in order to acquire their other components – brass for their tips and tungsten carbide for their ballpoints – they undergo questionable methods which thus undermine all of the ecological work that they promote and advertise to consumers. The brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and primarily comes from South America. In order to acquire this material, BIC employs miners who use open-pit mining techniques, which means that once natural materials are found within a pit, such as a quarry, it will be depleted until all of the useful minerals have been extracted. The open pits are often then converted into landfills to dispose of solid waste, which is greatly environmentally hazardous as well as dangerous to the overall health of the locals. Open-pit mining is also potentially hazardous to water tables, which is the level below which the ground is saturated with water, due to the depth at which they mine for copper. If mined too far, the surface of the earth may be penetrated and damaged, disrupting the natural water tables below the surface and causing harm to the ecological environment. Also, acidic mining chemicals may potentially leach into natural aquifers, thus poisoning water supplies and destroying whole communities. This is an especially prevalent issue because it raises the question of how truly important are our everyday products to us that large corporations would be willing to sacrifice the livelihoods of whole communities in second- and third-world countries in order to satisfy the needs of first world consumers for something as simple as a cheap ballpoint pen? Lastly, the tungsten carbide ballpoint is the most destructive material of all the BIC Cristal’s components. Tungsten carbide is an ultra-strong material that is often used for industrial and manufacturing purposes. The precision level of these spherical ballpoints must be so accurate that if a single ballpoint if found to be misshapen or flawed within a batch, then the whole batch – containing thousands of these components – of ballpoints is thrown away. This is incredibly wasteful as they are not recyclable and only contribute to the overall waste of the production of their pens. Furthermore, the acquisition of tungsten carbide for BIC Cristal production is controversial in that it is often sourced from underprivileged, third-world countries. For example, it is known as a “conflict material” in the war-torn Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the majority of mines are protected by militarized groups who know of its value to first-world industry. However, other countries that this material may be sourced from include China, Russia, and Bolivia, who all also have a history of a military presence protecting the supply of precious minerals. This is troublesome to the BIC corporation because, admittedly, they have not yet found a solution to recycling their products and might have to find alternative solutions in order to continue production in the future. Moreover, although some of the materials within the BIC Cristal ballpoint pen may be recycled – the polypropylene cap and ink tube – but it is primarily seen as being single-use. Accordingly, people absent-mindedly throw away these pens and they end up being transported to international landfills, where poor countries, such as Vietnam, must live with the waste. This waste is currently not being managed and only accumulates further, creating issues of sanitation and health. Furthermore, when BIC products are thrown away in bulk, such as in the instance where a manufacturing error is made and batches of product are thrown away at a time, then it further creates an abundant amount of waste – both of the limited supply of raw materials used to create the product and the product that is thrown away after consumption, which dangerously accumulates overtime. The material phase of production within BIC Cristal ballpoint pens accounts for over 90% of the energy used within its lifecycle. An enormous amount, steps must be taken to lower BIC’s carbon footprint in regards to its production. Especially concerning the increasing scarcity of the tungsten carbide, the greenhouse gases emitted during plastic production, and the potential devastation of major water sources during copper mining, the creation and production of these pens poses a serious environmental hazard to the world. Although it remains a staple in homes worldwide, consumers must consider if the convenience of having an affordable and easily accessible pen outweigh the potential devastation of many natural resources. It is nuanced situations such as these where consumers must take a critical look at the state of the world and genuinely reconsider if mass production is more important than our earth, or potentially if we could become more earth-conscious people and respect and protect our belongings, such as being more aware of losing our everyday, seemingly replaceable items and seeing the true value that they withhold. Lifecycle Project Bibliography BIC® Cristal® Ball Pen Manufacturing. YouTube. BIC, 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 10 Oct. 2016. BIC. Forever BIC. 2009 Sustainable Development Report. Clichy Cedex: BIC, 2009. Print. "BIC." Sustainable Developments. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. <http://www.bicworld.com/en/sustainable-development/index/> Collingridge, Jeremy. “Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905–2005.” Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 2005. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/175035207X163361 Denman, John. "Organic and Inorganic Discrimination of Ballpoint Pen Inks by ToF-SIMS and Multivariate Statistics." 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433209013531> Jiang, Zhehao. Redesigning the Disposable BIC Ballpoint Pen. Rep. School of Engineering, University of Greenwich. N.p.: n.p., 2015. Print. Lemon, Michael. “Raw Materials.” Bic Cristal Pens. Ohio State University, 28 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. “Polystyrene Fact Sheet,” Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education, Los Angeles, California. “Polystyrene Foam Report.” Earth Resource Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-styrofoam.html> Reynolds, Milton. “Ballpoint Pens.” World Watch 19.4 (2006): 1. Academic Search Complete. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. Sun, Karen. "The Story of BIC Cristal Pens." The Story of Stuff: Case Studies. FSP Story of Stuff, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.   Cameron Turner Professor Cogdell DES 40A: Energy, Materials, and Design Sec. 3 1 December 2016 Life Cycle of a BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pen: Embodied Energy Everything that we use in our daily lives has been designed and created. These designed objects encompass all that we observe and come into contact with throughout our daily activities. People take many of these items for granted, disregarding the fact that even a small item like a BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pen has actually been designed and created for a specific purpose. With an item as simple as a pen, people tend to just focus on the energy that they use when operating this writing implement, but in reality energy is being consumed before consumers come into contact with the pen and after they dispose of it. By examining the lifecycle of the most popular writing implement, the Bic Cristal Ballpoint Pen, one can observe the energy that goes into the multiple steps that are involved in the production, distribution, and disposal that make this pen “sustainable”. Ballpoint pens have been around for years. Prior to the development and eventual release of the Bic Cristal Ballpoint Pens, ballpoint pens were being designed, manufactured, and consumed. However, these prior pens were not as reliable and more expensive for consumers (Ballpoint). With the progression of technology, the ballpoint pen has been updated and designed with more streamlined thinking. Today the ballpoint pens are more inexpensive then ever to mass-produce. In today’s age of the silicon era, many different types of plastics are used in the production of a variety of products that serve multiple purposes. In the manufacturing of the Bic Cristal Ballpoint Pen there are two different types of plastics that are used. These types of plastics include, Polystyrene and Polypropylene. Other than plastic these pens use two different types of metal, Brass and Tugsten-carbide. All of these materials come from different regions of the world. The plastics come from China, France, Netherlands, and the United States. The Brass for the pens comes from Chile, Peru, Australia, and China. Finally, the Tugsten-carbide comes from China, Russia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Bolivia (Michael). Due to the variety and geographic locations of the materials, the raw materials acquisition stage of the lifecycle, uses a high amount of embedded energy. This is one of the steps involved in the process that many people do not consider when using the products. Obtaining materials consumes a large amount of energy in the creation of a product. Before the materials are processed and used in the manufacturing of the products, they need to be changed and manipulated into workable materials. All of these materials are then transported to the manufacturing plants where the pens are made. The majority of plastics are based in petroleum and natural gas. According to the Earth Resource Foundation, Polystyrene is made not only with elements based in petroleum it is also, “from the styrene monomer” (Polystyrene Fact Sheet). Polystyrene and Polypropylene are mass produced plastics. Worldwide production of Polyethylene is 80 metric tons for manufacturing processes per year. According to Curtis Hammon, a researcher from Stanford University, in order to create Polyethylene plastics from the raw materials for use in production, it takes roughly 3.6 x108 J of energy (Hamman). The other materials used in the production of the BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pens include metals. The material that makes up the tip of the pen is brass. Brass is a combination of two alloys, copper and zinc. In order to create brass you need to extract these two alloys from the earth. The creation of brass includes melting the copper alloy and then mixing in zinc. Copper melts at 1,981oF (Benor). Finally, the last material used in the pens is Tungsten. Tungsten is a secondary raw material that has the highest melting point of all metals according to the Encyclopedia Britinica. Once all of the materials have been acquired they need to be transported to the manufacturing plant. This takes energy to transport the materials. The materials come from all over the world then move to one of the many factories where they are all combined into the BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pens. The production of the BIC Ballpoint Pens takes place in factories all over the world on every continent (Sun). One of BIC’s biggest factories is in France, where the BIC Ballpoint Pens were first developed. Once all of the materials arrive at the factory, the pens are ready to be manufactured. In order to manufacture the pens, they go through a multi-step process of machines. First, the plastic for the barrels are injected into a mold that then gets shaken up in a hopper before being rapidly cooled in order to hen be filled up again with hot plastic again in the continuation of the process. Second, the caps of the pens are made in the similar way as the barrels. While all of these processes are happening at the same time, ink is also being injected into a plastic tube, brass tips being formed and the ballpoints are pressed. According to Michael Lemon, “If even 1 in 5000 ballpoints are imperfect, the whole lot is discarded” (Lemon). This is a large waste not only in materials but also energy. In 2015, the factories used 1,157,395 gigajoules of energy (BIC). If the process has to be restarted because of an imperfection all of the previous steps have to be repeated adding to the energy use. Besides the acquisition of materials, the manufacturing, processing, and formulation step of a BIC Pen’s lifecycle uses the second largest amount of energy. BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pens is one of the most popular pens that are available to consumers. The company promise advertises to the fact that, “BIC products make the consumer’s life easier…create something simple, yet reliable, which eases something we all do, that everyone can use” (BIC). The pens are produced all over the world, this leads to their popularity because they are easily accessible. On the BIC website, there is a counter in the top right hand corner where it counts exponentially every second the amount of BIC products that have been purchased worldwide once you enter the site. Because of the design mentality and the accessibility BIC has become the most popular ballpoint pen amongst consumers worldwide. Due to the high consumer demand of the cheap and reliable ballpoint pens, a network of distribution of distribution must be established in order for consumers to receive the product. Because BIC has factories on every continent, the product is able to get to the consumers fast and efficiently. BIC only uses land and sea transportation to distribute their goods, while staying away from aircrafts. This is efficient because the factories are located in each country where the products are sold. The distance is reduced between the manufacturers and consumers. For example in Spain, BIC pens are distributed daily from the France plant by train, a minimal distance of 1,301 km (BIC). According to Thomas Tydal, an engineer, trains use an average of 586 kWh to travel a distance of 100 kilometers (Tydal). In the case of the transportation from the factory in France to the locations in Spain that is a total of approximately 13 times this amount totaling 7,618 kWh of energy to transport the pens by train. Not only is the transportation highly considered when thinking about distribution, the producers also take the packaging into account. In an interview conducted with the area manager of a facility in the USA, Christian Keator describes that, “[they are] focusing on innovative packaging, maximizing cube efficiency” (Reynolds). BIC uses lighter packaging made of cardboard to store their pens and pack them in groups of at least three pens per box. This step in the process uses the third highest amount of embodied energy. By this time in the lifecycle, the pens have actually reached the consumers’ hands. At this step many consumers become aware of the energy that goes into the pen, however their thoughts are skewed because they only believe that the energy is happening in this step when they operate the pens. However, as we have already seen, there are steps that lead up to the product arriving to the consumers. Of all the steps included in the life cycle, this one uses the least amount of energy. This step just encompasses the energy it takes a person to write and then replace the ink tube if possible. After the pens have been used they need to be disposed of if they have not already been lost before being completely used up. The main way the pens are disposed of is the trash. Many pens end up in the landfills. The energy that it takes to get it to the landfill is the amount of energy the garbage trucks use while they drive their routes picking up trash. For those pens that end up going missing, they are likely to end up in the landfill as well. Although many pens end up in the landfill, there is a more “ecological” solution to the disposal of cheap plastic pens. The solution to not having as many pens end up in the landfill is recycling. However, to recycle a plastic pen the parts must be dismantled and melted down. It takes a high amount of energy to separate the individual pieces of the pens assembly, not to mention the amount of toxins that are released into the ecosystem. Although recycling seems to be the solution to our disposal problems it is not necessarily the correct answer. After studying the lifecycle of a BIC Cristal Ballpoint Pen, people can see that the statements that the company makes are not always true. This is a practice called “Green Washing”, where a company tries to appear more eco-friendly then they actually are. Although BIC tries to be “sustainable” there are certain points in the lifecycle where energy is wasted, such as during the manufacturing and disposal steps. There are multiple steps involved in the manufacturing of the pens that require varying amounts of energy. All items are designed and created which consume amounts of energy that people do not realize exist. Even an item as simple as a pen goes through multiple processes before it ends up in a consumer’s hand and continues after they are done using it. Energy processes do not just start and end with a consumer. Works Cited "Ballpoint Pen." How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Ballpoint-Pen.html> Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Copper. Nov. 29, 2016 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/cu.html>. "BIC." Sustainable Developments. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. <http://www.bicworld.com/en/sustainable-development/index/> Hamman, Curtis W. "Energy for Plastic." Energy for Plastic. Stanford University, 24 Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Nov. 2016. Lemon, Michael. "Bic Cristal Pens." Bic Cristal Pens. N.p., 28 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. <https://u.osu.edu/bicpens/> “Polystyrene Fact Sheet,” Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education, Los Angeles, California. “Polystyrene Foam Report.” Earth Resource Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-styrofoam.html> Reynolds, Pat. "Sustainable Packaging at BIC: An Extension of Guidelines That Have Long Been Observed." Sustainable Packaging at BIC: An Extension of Guidelines That Have Long Been Observed | Greener Package. Greener Package, 8 Dec. 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. Sun, Karen. "The Story of BIC Cristal Pens." The Story of Stuff: Case Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. < https://fspstoryofstuff.wordpress.com/the-story-of-bic-cristal-pens-by-karen-sun/> Tydal, Thomas. "How Much Energy Does a Train Need to Travel 100 Kilometers" Quora. N.p., 18 May 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <https://www.quora.com/How-much-energy-does-a-train-need-to-travel-100-kilometers> Wang, Chun. "Tungsten Processing." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 June 2007. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.   Stephanie Kim Christina Cogdell Design 40A November 30, 2016 Wastes and Emissions Produced Throughout the Life Cycle of a BIC Cristal Pen The BIC Cristal is a low-cost, readily available pen that is often taken for granted. It’s available in Europe, North America, Central America, Oceania, South America, Africa and Asia, usually packaged in at least 3’s, often coming in packs or boxes of 10 or 12. It was invented by Marcel Bich, who had originally been an ink maker for fountain pens. Before the BIC Cristal, ballpoint pens already existed, and were readily in production. However, those pens were expensive, and unreliable, too. Their ink frequently leaked and clogged, leading Bich to develop a reliable and affordable alternative. Today, the BIC Cristal remains one of the world’s best-selling pens. Its cost has remained low since its introduction in 1950, and it has always performed with relative reliability. Sadly, the Cristal’s low cost and ubiquity means that its construction is cheap, and the pen is often lost or thrown away rather than used up to completion and recycled. Most people also do not see the real cost of making this pen, whether it’s by the conflict-fueled tungsten mines of the Congo or harmful emissions from melting down polystyrene. By examining the life cycle of a BIC Cristal ballpoint pen, we can determine just how many wastes and emissions are produced when creating, shipping, and disposing of such a “simple” product. The transparent barrel of the BIC Cristal is made out of polystyrene, a thermal plastic that’s both see-through and cheap to manufacture. Polystyrene is chosen because it is cheap and transparent – but it’s also brittle, and, as such, is unsuitable to be used for a cap (the cap is made out of polypropylene, a more flexible plastic). Sadly, when produced, polystyrene releases waste gas into the air in the form of chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorofluorocarbons are greenhouse gases – they heat up the Earth’s atmosphere when they’re released. Alarmingly, these CFC’s heat up Earth’s atmosphere 1200 times faster than carbon dioxide, making them a harmful greenhouse gas whose emitters should be carefully monitored and constrained. Contrary to popular belief, polystyrene can be recycled. The steps to recycle polystyrene are as follows: 1. Materials are shipped to a recycling plant and then inspected, in order to remove contamination. 2. A sorting process separates clean and dirty polystyrene. The dirty polystyrene will be washed. 3. The polystyrene is fed into a grinder, which processes it into “fluff”. 4. The fluff is melted using heat and friction, removing air (there’s a lot of it in styrofoam, which is also made of polystyrene). 5. The melted material is pushed into a cube using pressure. The resulting cube has small openings that are extruded into polystyrene strands. Those strands are then cooled and chopped into pellets. 6. The pellets are shipped away to be used in new products. However, it’s usually cost-effective to just dispose of it, resulting in polystyrene-based products ending up in landfills where they won’t degrade for thousands of years. Also, most municipal recycling facilities won’t take in polystyrene, even though it’s easy to use for thermal recycling. The BIC company obtains its plastics (for this paper, only polystyrene and polypropylene are important) from China, the Netherlands, France (the company’s home country) and the United States. Interestingly, the BIC website claims that 98.09% of the company’s intra-company transport is operated without air flight. This means that most of its products are transported via land or sea, cutting down on the amount of possible greenhouse gas emissions, as air travel would emit far, far more greenhouse gases than land and sea combined. The ink tube, cap, and plug on the back of a BIC Cristal are all made out of polypropylene, which is a more durable plastic than polystyrene. Polypropylene is an opaque, flexible thermal plastic that is commonly used in many plastic products. Polypropylene is easier to recycle than polystyrene—as a result, it’s slightly more eco-friendly than polystyrene. In 2010, the U.S. alone produced 5 billion pounds of polypropylene! Even though it’s easier to recycle polypropylene than polystyrene, it’s one of the least-recycled post-consumer plastics. Polypropylene packaging has a short lifespan. Therefore, most of it ends up as waste in landfills instead of being recycled. The EPA estimates that 20% of solid waste produced has some kind of plastic in it, including polypropylene. Like other plastics, products made using polypropylene degrade slowly in landfills. When burned, thermoplastics such as polypropylene can give off dioxins and vinyl chloride. The recycling process for polypropylene is essentially the same as polystyrene, but, thankfully, polypropylene is more likely to be recycled as it tends to be a bit more cost-effective than polystyrene (polystyrene is typically found in the form of packing peanuts, while polypropylene is used for things such as plastic bowls). The pen’s tip (the part that holds the ballpoint) is made of brass, which is an alloy of copper & zinc. Copper is one of the world’s most-mined minerals because of how useful it is, but its extraction is known for causing severe ecological stress. This is because copper is commonly mined through open-pit mining. Open-pit mining is one of the most common forms of mining. It damages the environment a lot because strategic minerals can only be found in small concentrations, meaning that a lot of ore needs to be mined. Open-pit mining can affect water tables and leach acidic mining chemicals into aquifers. Sadly, there are environmental hazards in every single step in the open-pit mining process. Hardrock mining can expose rock that had previously been unexposed for geological eras. Those rocks expose radioactive elements, asbestos and asbestos-like minerals, and metallic dust when crushed. When copper is separated from rock, the resulting rock slurries (mixes of pulverized rock & liquid) can leak toxic and radioactive elements into bedrock if they aren’t contained. The ballpoint of a BIC Cristal pen is made out of tungsten carbide. Originally, the ballpoint was made with stainless steel, but tungsten carbide was chosen to replace it due to its durability and strength. Tungsten carbide is very strong—as such, it’s often used for industrial drill bits and armor-piercing ammunition. Sadly, tungsten is considered to be a conflict mineral. This is because it has been used in armed disputes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where more than 50% of their tungsten mines are controlled by the military. China, Russia, the Congo, and Bolivia are the greatest producers of tungsten right now, meaning that BIC has to import tungsten from these regions. Thus, BIC wastes a lot of energy in order to obtain the tungsten they need in order to make their ballpoints. That’s not where the wasted energy ends – if even one out of 5000 ballpoints are deformed, all 5000 of them in the batch are discarded! Thankfully, the tungsten industry encourages recycling, as it preserves raw materials. An estimated 25% of the overall supply of tungsten is from tungsten-bearing scrap. But in the U.S. and Europe, the recycling rate for tungsten is about 50%. This makes tungsten a secondary raw material, but it’s currently impossible to find out where recycled tungsten has come from. Therefore, recycled tungsten could have originated from conflict mines. As for harmful waste products produced by tungsten, its potential environmental effects are actually unknown as of yet. However, dissolution of tungsten powder has been found to acidify soils, and tungsten powder in soil can also cause plants and red worms to die. While most people won’t ever consider them, a surprisingly large amount of resources go into producing the ubiquitous BIC Cristal. It’s quite shocking, really, since a pack of 10 pens will typically set you back just a dollar or two. I think that, especially because these pens are usually lost or broken before running out of ink, there’s not much consideration that consumers have for this lowly product. However, the materials required to make a “simple” BIC Cristal span the globe, just like the amount of countries in which you can buy them. As such, there’s a hidden cost behind the cheap pricing that’s always tacked onto these pens. From polypropylene cap to brass tip, there’s a rich history behind these pens, and not just the one left behind by Marcel Bich. Works Cited: “Propylene”. Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Web. <http://apps.sepa.org.uk/SPRIPA/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=83>. “Environmental analysis of plastic production processes: comparing petroleum-based polypropylene and polyethylene with biologically-based poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid using life cycle analysis”. Harding KG1, Dennis JS, von Blottnitz H, Harrison ST. PubMed. 31 May 2007. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17400318>. “An Overview of Polypropylene Recycling”. The balance. Web. Rick Leblanc. Updated November 02, 2016. < https://www.thebalance.com/an-overview-of-polypropylene-recycling-2877863>. “Effects of tungsten on environmental systems”. Strigul N, Koutsospyros A, Arienti P, Christodoulatos C, Dermatas D, Braida W. PubMed. October 2005. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168748>. “Open Pit Mines”. Maynard. Web. <http://wshs.wsd.wednet.edu/staff/maynard/maynpages/Open_Pit_Mines.html>. “Environmental Risks of Mining” MIT. Web. <http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/problems/mining.html>. “How does polystyrene recycling work?”. HowStuffWorks. John Kelly. Web. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/polystyrene-recycling1.htm>. “What’s Wrong With Styrofoam?”. Greenhome. Web. <http://www.greenhome.com/blog/styrofoam>. “Estimated emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and hydrofluorocarbons based on an interspecies correlation method in the Pearl River Delta region, China”. Jing Wua, Xuekun Fanga et al. ScienceDirect. 1 February 2014. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713011091>. “OUR ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY Milestones”. BICworld. <http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/sustainable_development/2016/2016BIC-indicatorstableEN.pdf>. “Ecodesign PRODUCT ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT”. BICworld. <http://www.bicworld.com/files/pdfs/sustainable_development/2016/2016-product_environmental_footprint_en.pdf>. “BIC CRISTAL PENS – The World’s Most Popular Pen”. Michael Lemon. Ohio State University. 28 April 2015. Web. < https://u.osu.edu/bicpens/>.             http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-earpods daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480546063410-WZRLPCSZY61YRBXEMARB/Apple+Earbuds+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Apple Earpods http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bureo-board-life-cycle daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480612203950-B3TXAGXFNQ064PKZZZHZ/image-asset.png Bureo Board http://www.designlife-cycle.com/corning-gorilla-glass daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480546063406-EOD8O2FYRYG9DJEN2SO2/image-asset.jpeg Corning Gorilla Glass Corning Gorilla Glass https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480571631084-U13GT1Z97S6Y2FWHFH1P/11%28496%29.jpg Corning Gorilla Glass https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480571665657-0HO2TWRTC9DGKC36CENT/img04_b_l.jpg Corning Gorilla Glass http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vaseline daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480571831716-5VKTGJP7TUEUTV01HP2Y/Vaseline+Life+Cycle+Poster Vaseline http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rubber-bands daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480549092995-X8AC4RK5RMQGQATJXF54/image-asset.jpeg Rubber bands http://www.designlife-cycle.com/dyson-air-multiplier-1 daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480549663900-4J7U3SXBNG63U0R3TIQR/image-asset.jpeg Dyson Air Multiplier http://www.designlife-cycle.com/3d-printer-polycarbonate-life-cycle daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480548762881-92WT2Y8RT0307WQZ4GVT/image-asset.jpeg 3D Printer Polycarbonate http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tentsile-stingray-tree-tent daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480578191372-FZ298G85MFCDZ9ZJ9J4H/image-asset.jpeg Tentsile Stingray Tree Tent http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sofa daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480615363780-QECT8Z34MWE38F05VLGA/DSC_0233.JPG Sofa https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480617168636-PQCFO0CEQGLHYVZN5QNC/image-asset.jpeg Sofa http://www.designlife-cycle.com/jansport-backpack daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480568203102-16GZB02MNQDG4T2SJPMK/image-asset.jpeg JanSport Backpack Maxfield Herrenbruck DES 40A December 1, 2016 Christina Cogdell Raw Materials of JanSport Backpack Intro The world we live in is one of gross consumption. It is a force that drives us to new heights of material and energy use every year. This pushes where and how things are made to a global scale, since no one country alone has the resources to meet demand. From a humble hair clip, to massive sections of bridges, nearly everything we have goes on a long journey from the ground, to a finished object. Along the path of creation lie untold stories of environmental destruction caused by the manufacture of our manmade universe of stuff. Through researching what the materials are, and how they are processed to make a JanSport Right Pack backpack, we hope to gain a better understanding of the lifecycle and environmental impact of a popular product. Plastics With the product information provided by both JanSport’s and Macy’s commercial websites, we know that the bag is made primarily of synthetic fabrics. This in turn means that an essential raw ingredient in the bag is in fact oil. In order to determine where the oil is from, and thus the transport methods to send it, I need to make some assumptions about the regions where parts of the bag were made. Now from the tag in a JanSport bag, I found that the bag itself was made in the expansive manufacturing hub known as China. The only other part of it that I know the location of manufacture is the main fabric Cordura, which is made by Invista in Wichita, Kansas. Going forward, I’m going to assume that all other parts are fabricated in China, and will orient the acquisition and processing of materials around that. Per data from the Energy Information Agency (EIA) database, China imports most of its oil from Saudi Arabia, Angola, Russia, and Oman. This oil is most likely sent via tankers and trains to China, while in Kansas oil is distributed via pipelines, trains, and trucks. After the oil is transported, it under goes a process known as refining. This process involves heating the crude oil to a high temperature where it boils into a vapor, and then sending it through a fractional distillation column. The column separates the oil into different types, and sends them on their way. From this process, petroleum gas is extracted, which is a common chemical used to make plastic precursors. The primary material used in the bag is a fabric called Cordura. The company that produces Cordura, Invista, has not shared the exact process it uses to make it, but they did share that is made of a type of nylon called nylon 6,6. Nylon 6,6 is a plastic fiber made by DuPont via a process called condensation polymerization. This process involves cooking two precursors, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, under high heat and pressure until they start snapping together in long polymer chains. What Invista does with the raw nylon afterwards is anyone’s guess, but they state that they do custom dyeing of the fabric on behalf of their customers before they ship it off. The material used to make the bottom of the bag was found to be synthetic suede. This information was found on Macy’s website, since on JanSport’s they just call it “leather”. While the manufacturer of JanSport’s artificial suede could not be found, the composition of a common one known as Ultrasuede by Tory could be found on their website. The fabric most resembling the one used in the JanSport bag is made mostly of polyester with polyurethane used as a binder. The most common polyester is called polyethylene terephthalate (PET) an is made by a process called polymerization, where the precursors are placed in a vacuum chamber, and heated. The precursors of PET are terephthalic acid and monotheluene glycol. The process to make the polyurethane binder is simply the reaction of two chemical types, alcohols and diisocyanates. Since there are so many combinations of those chemical groups that result in polyurethane, and the fact that Tory does not identify the exact kind used in its fabric, I was unable to find the exact precursors used in the process. The final plastic we looked at is called ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, which is used as padding in the shoulder straps of the bag. EVA foam is made by mixing ethylene, acetate, and vinyl in a mold of the desired shape, and letting the foam setup. While no specific information on the exact way JanSport makes their padding, it makes sense that they most likely take sheets of it, and cut it to shape. Metal The only part of the bag that is not some kind of plastic is the zipper pulls, which are made of zinc. Per a United States Geological Survey (USGS) minerology report, China is the world’s leading producer of zinc, which means it is probably the country of origin for the metal used in the pulls. Once the ore is mined, it must be processed into usable metal. According to the EPA, a common way zinc is processed is with a fluidized-bed roaster. Zinc ore is inserted into the roaster at extremely high temperatures. The results of the firing are put in a leaching solution of sulfuric acid, limestone, and cyanide, then passed into a purifying stage. The solution from that stage is put through electrolysis, which pulls the metal from suspension, and it is finally collected. While no solid evidence of who makes the zipper pulls can be found, they are most likely made by cast and die method. Conclusion The story of a backpack would on the surface seem to be a simple one, but as was shown, it is the end product of a global process. There is so much more depth to be explored with regards to sustainability, and the future of the fabrics that make up the bag. Oil based plastics are a fantastic tool for creation with the ability to morph into whatever design role we have for it, but the primary material for its creation will soon run out. The answer to the question of what will take its place could end up being one of the most valuable ones imagined.   Bibliography "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors." US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, Jan. 1995. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. Macys. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D. "How Oil Refining Works" 4 January 2001.HowStuffWorks.com. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining.htm> 30 November 2016 Conlee, Kim. "75th Anniversary Celebrated For Nylon Plant Manufacturing Fiber For INVISTA's CORDURA® Brand Fabrics." Cordura Brand Fabric, INVISTA, 15 Sept. 2014. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "Ultrasuede® GP." 'TORAY', Toray Industries, Inc. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "Introduction to Polyurethanes: How Polyurethane Is Made." American Chemistry Council, American Chemistry Council. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. Gerard, Barbara. "How is Polyester Made?." Craftech Industries, Craftech Industries, inc, 26 Aug. 2015. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "What is EVA foam and how is it manufactured?." Reference, IAC Publishing. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "2013 Minerals Yearbook." USGS, USGS, Nov. 2015. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "RIGHT PACK BACKPACK." JanSport, JanSport. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. EIA Beta, U.S. Department of Energy, https://www.eia.gov/beta/. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. Woodford, Chris. "Nylon." Explainthatstuff18 June 2016, www.explainthatstuff.com/nylon.html. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "Backpack Construction." White Mountain, White Mountain Backpacks. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. Iris Li Professor Cogdell DES 40A, Fall 2016 30, November 2016 JanSport Right Pack Backpack - Embodied Energy JanSport backpack is one of the bestselling backpacks among students. Students using its Right Pack Backpack as a daypack for their daily commute, because the backpack is well designed for carrying books. The backpack has comfortable padded straps, accessible front panel opening and a durable vinyl base for carrying heavy duty. JanSport sells campus backpacks around the country and they can also be found in college bookstores. JanSport is a famous brand for backpacks, owned by VF Corporation, one of the world’s largest backpack maker. Although JanSport is an American brand and sells about half of its backpacks in the United States (Horovitz) , JanSport has a global supply chain to produce its products. Through researching the lifecycle of JanSport Right Pack Backpack, this paper aims to find out the energy consumption of the production processes and environment impact. JanSport Right Pack Backpack is made of the following materials: 915 Denier Cordura fabric, Suede leather in the bottom, Polyethylene vinyl acetate foam for straps, YKK zippers, nylon buckles and thread. Cordura fabric, buckles and thread are made from nylon, and main raw material to produce nylon is petroleum. The type of YKK zipper used in JanSport backpack is made of zinc and nylon fabric. There are various raw materials for nylon fiber are variable. Benzene from petroleum refining, furfural obtained from oat hulls and corn cobs, or 1.4-butadiene obtained from petroleum refining are sources used in commercial (Kent 437) . Petroleum is obtained from the ground using a drilling rig machine. These machines use diesel fuel or electric generators as the main source of power. The petroleum refining sector is the largest consumer of fuel in the United State manufacturing, and about 90% of onsite fuel applied to process heating (Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy) . The majority fuel consumed at refineries is natural gas, and 852,067 million cubic feet were consumed at refineries annually (U.S. Energy Information Administration) . Furfural is the most important product obtained from oat hulls. To harvest oats, farmers use combine harvester, the oats run through a threshing machine and then the oats are gathered oats into shocks. These machines may either be powered by a generator using petrol or electricity. In 2013, energy consumption for growing and harvesting oats was roughly 115 dollars per planted acre of oats (U.S. Energy Information Administration) . Cordura fabric, a special fabric made of nylon by Cordura company is the main fabric used in the backpack. Since the processing and formulation of Cordura fabric are trade secrets of Cordura company, we research nylon fabric instead of Cordura fabric. Nylon fabric is made from organic chemicals obtained from petroleum refining, used benzene as raw materials. Essentially, the fabric through a process that involves reacting large molecules using the moderate heat of about 280°C under vacuum for 2-3 hours and pressure inside an autoclave while being stirred. Molecules of hexane-1, 6-dicarboxylic acid are combined with 1, 6-diaminohexane in a chemical reaction referred to as condensation polymerization to form a type of nylon popularly known as nylon-6, 6 (Kent 437) . We cannot find out what type of leather was used in JanSport Right Pack Backpack, but we believe it is a type of cheap synthetic leather since the price of the backpack is low. Synthetic leather is made using a number of raw materials that are processed to produce polyvinyl chloride. The basic raw materials used for the production of polyvinyl chloride include ethylene and chlorine. Additives used in the production of this type of leather include the plasticizer, stabilizer and filler among a few others (Baitz, Kreißig and Byrne 2004) . While ethylene is produced by refining petroleum from the distillation of natural gasses and oil, chlorine is obtained from rock salt and ultimately through the electrolytic process (Salt Manufacturers' Association) .After drilling for oil using the drilling rig machine, crude oil is taken into the oil plant such as industrial process plant, where oil is processed and through the distillation process, ethylene is obtained (Manley 1998) . Both the electrolytic process used to produce chlorine and the distillation process used to produce ethylene use electricity as the source of power, which obtained from such sources as wind energy, coal. Polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA) is produced by blending copolymers. The raw materials used to produce Polyethylene vinyl acetate include ethylene and vinyl. This is achieved through a process referred to as copolymerization where free radical catalysts are also used. Here, a hot liquid form mixture of ethylene vinyl and acetate is sprayed into a mold, allowed to cool slightly in order to give the form some time to expand and the popping on the mold to produce PEVA material (Nagao) . Vinyl is produced using two basic substances, which include ethylene and chlorine. Once the crude oil has been obtained using the drilling rig machine, it is refined through the distillation process to produce ethylene and other forms of the petroleum. Chlorine is obtained through electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride solution), which in itself is obtained from rock salt from mining ancient deposits. In some countries, the sun evaporates brine from sea water, which can then be easily collected. These processes use electricity from coal and wind sources as well as fossil fuels as the source of energy. YKK zipper slider is made of zinc. Zinc is a natural material which occurs as carbonate, sulphide or silicate ores. Roasting is a high-temperature process that concentrates zinc sulfide into impure zinc oxide. Multiple hearth roasters are operated at about 690 °C and operating time depends on the composition of concentrate and the required amount of removal sulfur (United Stated Environmental Protection Agency) . We cannot find where JanSport get their raw materials from, but we can assume that JanSport import materials globally and transport them to China for assembly. Keng Tau Handbag Company, located at Panyu Village, Guangdong, China, produce bags for JanSport (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights) . Nylon buckles and YKK zippers are made in Japan, then transported to China by air or shipping. Since Cordura company has a branch in China, they may able to collect raw materials from China and transport Cordura fabrics to sewing factories by railway or truck. Cropping and sewing fabric takes place in a sewing factory, and also assembling and installation of parts into a complete backpack. Then JanSport backpacks are packed and exported to worldwide, but mainly to the U.S., by air and shipping. Finally, JanSport backpacks are transported to stores to be sold by using trucks. Since JanSport Right Pack backpack uses Cordura fabric, the lifetime of the backpack is long. JanSport also has a lifetime warranty for all their products, so customers can mail their damaged backpack to the warranty center. JanSport will fix the backpack or if they can’t, they will replace the backpack or refund it (JanSport) . The policy of lifetime warranty takes some energy consumption on transportation in the mailing, but it extends the lifetime of the backpack and it helps JanSport collect their product for recycling. JanSport did not disclose any information about the recycle plan. We researched the recycle process based on the materials. The Cordura fabrics have been shown to be more durable as compared to the other types of fabrics, offering superior strengths to weight ratio. Given that it is built to last, this form of fabric and other similar nylon have also been shown to be challenging to recycle. The best recycling method and process are yet to be identified for Cordura. However, it has been shown to be a durable fabric that lasts for a long time, and thus reduces disposal and waste. With regards to synthetic leather, Polyurethane synthetic leather production process has been found to be beneficial for solid waste recycling. In Wenzhou, one of the most affected places globally; equipment for the purposes of purifying and recycling Dimethylformamide was installed in the synthetic leather enterprise in the area, attaining a recycling rate of about 96 percent. In this process, Dimethylamine decomposed during the recycling process is first distilled and thoroughly burnt for the purposes of monitoring secondary pollution. The process was also aimed at recovering most of the wastewater during the wet process through recycling distillation. Once success was achieved in preventing pollution, the next step was towards conserving energy and cost reduction. Equipment was therefore installed to utilize waste heat in a counter-pipe boiler, allowing for 60 to 70 percent of waste heat to be recycled, and thus creating a significant reduction of waste and emission. One of the systems being used in the Xinxiang Synthetic Leather Corporation in Wenzhou has been shown to save about ten tons of coal, and thus expected to save well over 2.1 million Yuan annually (Yu, Zhou and Jiang 2012) . The system, therefore, has a lot to offer given that it allows for companies to not only reduce pollution during the production process, but also save energy and reduce cost. Although the global recycling rate of PEVA has been shown to be very low with a few companies being involved in the recycling process, PEVA can be recycled to reduce pollution. Currently, the process of recycling this material involves the use of GreenMax Hot Melt Densifier machine. The process involves shredding, heating and extruding the form to form densified ingots that are easier to manage. This final product has been shown to be easier to manage given that it reduces huge storage space required for PEVA materials and is easier to transport. Basically, the process shreds the PEVA form and requires heat for the purpose of melting down the form. The materials can then be melted down to blocks that can be easily managed. Some of the other benefits include reduction of volume ratio up to 50:1 and low utility consumption. This machine does not produce heat to be used for other purposes, and therefore only consumes energy. The machine uses electricity, which is mostly obtained from coal, wind and geothermal energy sources. It can also run on diesel generators, which basically use fossil fuels. In this case, therefore, fossil fuels are the only sources of energy that cannot be renewed (GreenMax Intco Recycling) . The recycling of zinc involves melting or smelting processes. Depending on the quality, form and purity of the zinc involved, metal can be melted and cast into new physical forms either for direct reuse or refining processes (OECD) . It is estimated that about 60% of zinc is recovered and recycled. When backpack ends up at the dump, materials needs different time for wastes to decompose in landfills. Generally, nylon fabric takes 30-40 years to “break down” in the environment (Mote Marine Lab) . Overall, JanSport backpack is a great backpack because of its durability. Since Cordura fabric is not easy to decompose in a natural environment, we cannot throw them away to the trash. The best solution is using their lifetime warranty to get the backpack fixed or replaced. Each backpack made of materials from globally and consume energy. When we buy our backpack, we should not only consider fashion, but also environmental impact – what will happen when you are no long using the backpack?   Bibliography Baitz, Martin, et al. "Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials." 2004. GreenMax Intco Recycling. How to Recycle EVA foam? n.d. 27 11 2016. <http://www.intcorecycling.com/How-to-Recycle-EVA-foam.html>. Horovitz, Bruce. Backpacks: A new 'badge' of cool. 20 8 2007. 26 11 2016. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2007-08-19-backpack_N.htm>. Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights. Made in China. The Role of U.S. Companies in Denying Human and Worker Rights (continued). 1 5 2000. 27 11 2016. <http://www.globallabourrights.org/reports/made-in-china-the-role-of-u-s-companies-in-denying-human-and-worker-rights-continued>. JanSport. LIFETIME WARRANTY. n.d. 27 11 2016. <http://www.jansport.com/customer-service/lifetime-warranty.html>. Kent, James A. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. New York: Springer, 2013. Manley, D B. "Thermodynamically efficient distillation: Ethylene recovery." 1998. Missouri S&T - Missouri University of Science and Technology. 27 11 2016. <http://web.mst.edu/~dbm/papers/ethylene.pdf>. Mote Marine Lab. Measuring biodegradability. Sarasota, FL: U.S. National Park Service;, 2008. 27 11 2016. Nagao, Yoshiharu. Method of manufacturing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. JP: Patent US 6646087 B2. 27 10 2000. OECD. Recycling of Copper, Lead and Zinc Bearing Wastes. Paris: OECD, 1995. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. U.S. Manufacturing Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis. Washington, DC: Department of Energy, 2012. <http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/energy_use_and_loss_and_emissions_petroleum.pdf>. Salt Manufacturers' Association. The Electrolysis of Brine. n.d. 27 11 2016. <https://web.archive.org/web/20070514034157/http://www.saltsense.co.uk:80/hist-chem12.htm>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Energy for growing and harvesting crops is a large component of farm operating costs. 17 10 2014. 27 11 2016. <http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=18431>. —. U.S. Fuel Consumed at Refineries. 22 6 2016. 27 11 2016. <https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_capfuel_dcu_nus_a.htm>. United Stated Environmental Protection Agency. "AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I Chapter 12: Metallurgical Industry." 10 1986. United Stated Environmental Protection Agency. 27 11 2016. <https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch12/>. Yu, Jianxing, Jun Zhou and Hua Jiang. A Path for Chinese Civil Society: A Case Study on Industrial Associations in Wenzhou, China. Lexington Books, 2012.   http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tesla-model-s daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480578589447-3JPGSYFQLTTN4VRF0A1I/image-asset.png Tesla Model S Yangyang Sun Professor Christina Cogdell DES 40A November 30, 2016 Tesla Model S: Materials While it can probably be assumed that a number of consumer automobiles manufactured today make use of similar materials and similar production or manufacturing processes, there are differences that are worth noting, and this is perhaps especially true where Tesla Motor’s Tesla S is concerned. Unlike most standard consumer vehicles that require gasoline to function, the Tesla S runs on a rechargeable lithium battery, and unlike other electric cars, this Tesla model is capable of running for longer on a single charge (Muoio). Further, Tesla Motor’s CEO Elon Musk has set goals for his company that set it apart from other automobile manufacturers (e.g., the company produces as many of its own parts as it can, the company tries to establish relationships and to explore various regions so that it can attempt to source as many raw materials as possible from the United States or North America in general) (Lambert). As such, it is difficult to compare the materials and processes that go into the production of the Tesla S to the materials and processes that go into the production of other consumer automobiles. This paper will discuss the materials and parts that Tesla Motors sources in order to produce the Tesla S. This paper will also examine the ways in which these materials or parts are used, maintained, and recycled, and it will discuss what becomes of these parts or how they are disposed of once they have reached the end of their current lifecycles. The materials list and the processes discussed here may not be exhaustive, however, as there is pertinent information that is protected (by Tesla Motors or by companies that are a part of its supply chain) (Randall). Further, there may be information regarding materials’ sources that is not entirely up-to-date, and this is only because Tesla has had to change sources (either locations or companies in its supply chain) – sometimes frequently and without much pubic notice – in order to meet customer demand, account for environmental-based materials shortages, etc. (Lambert). While Tesla is an innovative company, to be sure, it seems to suffer a bit from sustainability issues with regard to some of its raw materials, thus the need to change sources relatively frequently. So far, this has not affected the company’s design of the Tesla S, but it does affect one’s ability to secure all pertinent information regarding the materials that go into its design. That said, Tesla has engineered a consumer automobile that has – so far – done what no other has been able to do: outrun any other consumer-targeted electric cars on the market, and do it in an environmentally-sound way (Muoio; Eberhard and Tarpenning). Raw materials acquisition The raw materials that go into the interior of the Tesla S include rare earth metals, petrochemical-based plastic, leather from cowhides, silicon, carbon fiber, and copper wire (Desjardins). The body and chassis, which Tesla Motors manufactures in its Nevada-based facility, are made of Bauxite aluminum, titanium, and boron steel (iron, boron, coking coal, additional additives) (Desjardins). Tesla Motors also manufactures the model’s induction motor, which is made primarily of steel and copper (Desjardins). The car’s tires, which are supplied by Continental and/or Michelin, are made of a petrochemical-based rubber and Bauxite aluminum (Desjardins). The model’s battery, which is supplied by Panasonic, is comprised of three key components: the cathode, the anode, and electrolytes (Lambert). The materials that make up the cathode include nickel, cobalt sourced from the Philippines and/or Idaho, aluminum, and lithium (Desjardins). The anode is made up of silicone and synthetic graphite from Japan and various European sources; Tesla may eventually source flake graphite from Canada, Idaho, and/or Minnesota (Cole). The battery’s electrolyte component is made up of lithium mined in Australia and salt; the salt serves to transport the lithium between the cathode and the anode. At present, and for the last few years, Tesla Motors has been working to address shortages regarding some of its material needs (Lambert). To address this, the company has actively sought materials from more than one supplier or region, and is continuing to explore the availability of materials in new regions so that it can effectively and efficiently meet its consumer demand. As noted earlier, this has not affected the design of the Tesla S thus far, but it does make identifying all of its materials’ sources a challenge. Further, Tesla Motors has opened its own Nevada-based manufacturing facility so that it can produce as many of its own parts as possible, and it has publicly vowed to source as many raw materials as it can from within the United States or North America in general (Lambert). Because a number of its materials are not available in many regions in great abundance, and some of them have not been sourced in North America in many decades, this presents greater challenges when attempting to determine where some of the company’s materials are sourced and how exactly they mined, processed, etc. Manufacturing, processing, formation While there are surely additional raw materials that go into the manufacturing, processing, and formation of the Tesla S parts, as this is the case with most processed goods, including automobiles, Tesla and many of its raw materials suppliers and parts manufacturers (e.g., Randall; “Lithium Australia Makes Lithium Production Breakthrough”) have cited or alluded to trade secrets when questioned about the specific materials and processes that are involved in things as seemingly rudimentary as mining or as relatively complex as turning petroleum-based plastic pellets into high-end interior parts or turning salt and lithium into a long-running and environmentally-friendly power source. As such, it is difficult – if not impossible, really – to determine exactly what additional materials or processes are involved in the manufacturing and processing of the known materials that comprise the Tesla S. This is often the result of newly innovative processes; companies or manufacturers want to protect their innovations so that they can more efficiently provide a service or produce a good that is better than other similar processes or goods, and that places them in a highly competitive position in the market (Teece). Distribution and transportation Tesla’s sales model is one that eliminates the middleman – in this case, the dealership – altogether. While Tesla has showrooms in a number of states throughout the U.S., it is only legally permitted to make sales via those showrooms in four states (i.e., California, Colorado, New Hampshire, Virginia). People living in other states must order their Tesla vehicles via the Tesla Motors website. As such, Tesla must transport many of the vehicles purchased by U.S.-based consumers via flatbed trucks and trailers (“How to Ship A Tesla Across the Country”). In addition, Tesla delivers its vehicles to foreign buyers via cargo ships, and once the vehicles are removed from the ships, they are also transported to their respective buyers’ locations via flatbed trucks and trailers (“Delivery to Europe”). Use, re-use, maintenance Because the Tesla S runs off of electricity rather than gasoline, it must be charged regularly as part of its routine use. The components involved in the use, re-use, and maintenance of the Tesla S include DC charging stations, which require the use of mobile connectors and/or adapters; solar panels, which are used as some charging stations to offset energy use; and 240v electrical outlets, which are used with Tesla’s mobile connectors and adapters. As of October 2015, there were 12,700 (which is equal to nearly 32,000 electical outlets) charging stations available throughout the United States (“Charging Station Count Rise, but Plug-in Vehicle Sales Fall”). Recycle Tesla is able to re-use 10% of its battery pack (by weight), and this is facilitated by the companies Umicore (in Europe) and Kinsbursky Brothers (in the U.S.), which break the batteries down so that they yield cobalt that can then be re-used in new batteries (Kelty). In addition, lithium from the batteries ends up in an environmentally friendly slag that generally ends up in construction materials such as cement (Kelty). Further, metals from the Tesla S can be assessed for their alloys and subsequently recycled (“Steel Recycling”). The steel is shipped via truck to steel mills where it is melted down and then sold to various manufacturers and re-used in new products (“Steel Recycling”). Plastics and glass from the Tesla S may also be recycled (“Plastic Recycling”; “Glass Recycling Facts”). Plastics are separated by type, chipped, and melted down into pellets; these pellets are subsequently sold to manufacturers and used in new products. The glass is also separated by type (usually by color), crushed, and melted, and then it is molded into new products. Despite being a large product with many parts made up of different materials, the Tesla S can be broken down – for the most part – and recycled like smaller, simpler products. Waste management Once a Tesla S has reached the end of its lifecycle, it, like most vehicles, can be dismantled for spare parts. This involves first draining the vehicle of its fluids and then disassembling it as necessary (“A Guide for Vehicle Recycling”) . When a vehicle, including the aforementioned Tesla model, is not used for spare parts, the batteries, metals, plastics, and glass are recycled, and everything else are shredded and transported to landfill via truck. Because the Tesla S is a newer model vehicle, it is unlikely that any, save for perhaps any that have been totaled in accidents, have been recycled or broken down for parts yet. It is more likely that batteries from the model may have been recycled, but there is no publicly available record of this. Conclusion Like other vehicles on the market, the Tesla S is comprised of a number of materials and working parts. The Tesla S, however, is different from most other consumer vehicles in that it not only runs off of electricity, but it also manages to outrun all other manufacturers’ electric consumer cars. This means that, while Tesla Motors makes use of some of the same materials other manufacturers may use, the company must also source materials that are unique to its product line and that are not always easy to source. This can make it difficult perhaps for the company to secure lasting relationships with some vendors or materials suppliers, as they may not all have adequate resources to make available to Tesla. This can in turn make it challenging to properly research all of the materials used in Tesla’s design. Further, because the company and many of its suppliers provide new and innovative services or products, they are not yet inclined to disclose all of their processes or materials used when, for example mining lithium or processing steel such that it becomes a working induction engine like the one in the Tesla S. Hopefully, Tesla and other similarly innovative companies that are working to bring environmentally-sound services and products to the market will feel secure enough to share their methods and processes so that more companies can build on them and develop their own environmentally-sound services, processes, and goods. The Tesla S is a worthwhile vehicle in both its form and its function, and it is made all the better because it has a smaller in-use footprint than the average gasoline-burning vehicle (Eberhard and Tarpenning). For this reason, as well, it would be welcome if Tesla Motors would eventually consider making some if its design processes more widely available.   Works Cited "Charging Station Count Rises, but Plug-in Vehicle Sales Fall." Autoblog, 25 Feb. 2016, www.autoblog.com/2016/02/25/charging-station-count-rises-but-plug-in-vehicle-sales-fall/. Cole, Jay. "Tesla To Use All North American Resources For Planned Gigafactory." Inside EVs - Electric Vehicle News, Reviews, and Reports, 2013, insideevs.com/tesla-use-north-american-resources-planned-gigafactory/. "Delivery to Europe." Tesla Motors, forums.tesla.com/forum/forums/delivery-europe. Desjardins, Jeff. "The Extraordinary Raw Materials in a Tesla Model S." Visual Capitalist, 7 Mar. 2016, www.visualcapitalist.com/extraordinary-raw-materials-in-a-tesla-model-s/. Eberhard, Martin, and Marc Tarpenning. "The 21st Century Electric Car: Tesla Motors." IDC, 9 Oct. 2006, www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Tesla_Motors.pdf. "Glass Recycling Facts." Glass Packaging Institute, www.gpi.org/recycling/glass-recycling-facts. "How to Ship a Tesla Across the Country." TESLARATI.com, 28 Sept. 2016, www.teslarati.com/how-to-ship-tesla-across-country/. Kelty, Kurt. "Tesla's Closed Loop Battery Recycling Program." Tesla, 26 Jan. 2011, www.tesla.com/blog/teslas-closed-loop-battery-recycling-program. Lambert, Fred. "Breakdown of Raw Materials in Tesla’s Batteries and Possible Bottlenecks." Electrek, 1 Nov. 2016, electrek.co/2016/11/01/breakdown-raw-materials-tesla-batteries-possible-bottleneck/. "Lithium Australia Makes Lithium Production Breakthrough." 22 Feb. 2016, finfeed.com/mining/lit/lithium-australia-makes-lithium-production-breakthrough/20160222/. Muoio, Danielle. "Tesla Versus Other Electric Cars." Business Insider, 7 Oct. 2015, www.businessinsider.com/tesla-versus-other-electric-cars-2015-9. "Plastic Recycling." Envirogreen | Industry Leading Rebates for Baled Plastic & Cardboard, www.envirogreenrecycling.com/plastic-recycling/. Randall, T. "Wall Street tours the Tesla factory." 14 Mar. 2016, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-14/wall-street-tours-the-tesla-factory-and-loves-what-it-sees. "Steel Recycling." National Recycling Week, recyclingweek.planetark.org/documents/doc-186-steel-factsheet.pdf. Teece, David J. "Strategies for Managing Knowledge Assets: The Role of Firm Structure and Industrial Context." Long Range Planning, vol. 33, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2000, p. 35054. "You Auto Recycle A Guide for Vehicle Recycling." Washington State Department of Ecology, May 2011, fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/summarypages/97433.html.           Shirley Wang Professor Christina Cogdell DES 40A Fall 2016   The Life Cycle of a Tesla Model S - Energy Introduction There are generally two categories in motor vehicle industry, the traditional vehicles, which are powered by gasoline, and the 21st century vehicles, which are either hybrid or powered by clean energy, namely, electricity. The major differences between these two categories of vehicles are on the aspects of fuel efficiency and economic efficiency. Generally speaking, traditional gasoline vehicles usually have the miles per gallon ranging from 23 to 35, while hybrid cars usually hit 40 miles per gallon equivalent (mpge), and surprisingly, Tesla can reach the range of 102 to 105 mpge for Model S. Although the data may differ depending on the sources, one fact that we are sure of is that the average miles per gallon equivalence for electric vehicles is generally higher than that of gasoline vehicles. Furthermore, electric vehicles cost less on charging than gasoline cars cost on gasoline consumptions. Both categories of vehicles are “going green”. Traditional vehicle manufacturers try to introduce cars with more mileage per gallon to evoke the idea of lowering the greenhouse gas emissions per mile driven, while the hybrid and electric vehicle manufacturers try to promote the concept of using clean energy, in this case, electricity, to reduce our carbon footprint on transportation. Tesla,, has introduced the concept of clean energy, and more efficient electric vehicles into mass production. However, as we explore its life cycle, from its material sources taken, energy consumed in production, to its waste management and recycle process, we gain a clearer insight on the environmental impact Tesla brings about in reality. This paper focuses on the energy aspect of the lifecycle of Tesla. It includes the discussion on the energy consumed on the acquisition of raw materials, the energy used for use, reuse, and maintenance, and the energy needed for recycling and waste compost. Analysis of The Lifecycle of a Tesla Model S Acquisition of Raw Materials The two major components of raw materials acquisition are sourcing and powering. Sourcing refers to the process of searching for raw material reserves, while powering refers to the mechanism of generating the amount of energy required to extract the materials from raw ore. On the sourcing aspect, Tesla is facing difficulty in sourcing huge amounts of raw materials, which include 110,000 tpa of coated spherical graphite, 75.000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide, and 21,000 tonnes of cobalt to supply its current demand. (Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, 2016) Meanwhile, Tesla is expanding its Gigafactory, the lithium-ion battery factory, whose capacity is expected to reach 150 GWh, which is three times the original planned capacity of 50 GWh in order to satisfy the needs. (Lambert, 2016)While Tesla is sourcing worldwide for raw materials continuously, it expects the capacity of Gigafactory for 2020 to reach 35 gigawatt-hour per year of cells, which is equivalent to 50 GWh per year of battery packs. (Teslamotors, 2014) Although there is no specific data on the energy required for raw material acquisition, we still can conclude that it takes a huge amount of energy just to build a Gigafactory, and it definitely takes a lot more energy in searching for raw materials worldwide. Distribution and Transportation in Energy Cost Tesla, as an exception to the traditional cars that are sold and distributed either by local dealers or authorized dealers, carries its own dealership. There are exhibition stores in malls and plazas that showcase limited number of models. The exhibition room for Tesla is rather an educational place where customers get to know about the features of the models than a sales place for getting rid of the models in lot. (Fehrenbacher, 2016) Tesla starts the manufacture after the order is placed, and will deliver to door (or ready for pickup on an assigned date). This customized way of distribution and transportation indeed takes more energy per car than that of the traditional dealers, but it reduces waste in the sense that no excessive vehicles are made—every vehicle made has a purpose to serve. With headquarters located in south Fremont, California, Tesla now is expanding its factories all over the world. 60% of the car parts are sources from North America, then assembled entirely at the Tesla factory. (“Tesla Motors”, n.d.)The general wait time made to order is about two to three months for delivery. Upon the completion of manufacturing, Tesla models are shipped on trucks from Tesla factory, then delivered directly to door, Depending on the locations of customers, the shipping and delivery charges may differ (it might also take shipping though water in delivery). On average, the shipping and delivery costs around $1,000 per Tesla vehicle. (“Tesla Shipping Services”, 2016) In terms of carbon emissions, the following emission factors indicate how much carbon dioxide shipping a Tesla vehicle may generate by the following means: air cargo - 1.7739 lbs CO2 per Ton-Mile, truck - 0.3725 lbs CO2 per Ton-Mile, train - 0.2306 lbs CO2 per Ton-Mile, and sea freight - 0.0887 lbs CO2 per Ton-Mile. (“Time For Change”, 2016) Manufacturing Tesla operates on a order-to-manufacture basis. In other words, every single Tesla model is customized, and they are delivered “Direct-to-Consumer”. (Rubenoff, 2016) The major manufacture process is on the lithium-ion battery, which is produced in Tesla Gigafactory. Tesla has claimed the annual battery production capacity to be 35 gigawatt-hours (GWh) as planned, and it satisfies the demand for the production rate of 500,000 cars per year in half of the decade. (Teslamotors, 2016). The Model S has two major battery configurations, the 60 kWh pack and the 85 kWh pack. Based on the experiment on tearing down the Model S battery, we have got the following data in regards to the battery manufacture. The 60 kWh battery pack consists of 14 modules of 384 cells that add up to 5376 cells in total, while the 85 kWh pack contains 16 modules of 444 cells that add up to 7104 cells in total. (Lambert, 2016) Based on the experiment, each cell of the 60 kWh pack contains 11.161 Wh of energy, while each cell of the 85 kWh pack contains 11.965 Wh of energy. (Lambert, 2016). In general, the actual energy that the battery packs contain is lower than claimed. Use / Reuse / Maintenance The only energy used during the lifetime of a Tesla vehicle is electricity. According to Tesla battery calculator, it takes 13.2 kWh Tesla S battery.(Teslamotors, 2016) On the forum, the customers report that it takes about 77 kWh of energy to fully charge a Model S battery pack, and 70 kWh of which may contribute to the realistic consumption for driving from full to empty. (“Forums”, 2016) With Tesla’s Supercharger, half of the battery of a Model S can be replenished in 20 minutes. (Teslamotors, 2016) Lithium degradation has been one of the major concerns that consumers hold towards electric cars like Tesla. (Noland, 2015) The recent surveys on Tesla’s battery degradation has shown that the Model S’ battery pack generally retains 95% of its capacity for the first 50,000 miles driven, and then the degradation rate significantly drops with higher mileage. (Lambert, 2016) For service, Tesla provides over 500 Supercharger stations in the US, and charging is free for users. (Richard, 2015) For maintenance, Tesla warranty provides a 4 year, 50,000 miles coverage for the new vehicle, and 8 year, unlimited mile coverage for battery and drive. Besides, there are several prepaid service plans that cost ranging from $1325 to $4000. (Teslamotors, 2016) Recycle When it comes to tearing apart a Tesla Model S at the end of its life cycle, not all materials are composed as waste. In fact, a great portion of materials can be recycled, including the cobalt, nickel, and other rare metals, and they can be reused to make new batteries for future vehicles. (Gaines, 2014) Lithium-ion battery cells are manufactured in Japan where there are strict environmental laws to keep the RoHS standards. When recycling the battery cells, they try to maximize the amount of material that could be reused, and minimize the energy consumed in the recycling process. (Richard, 2008) As a result of the recycling process, Tesla is able to recycle around 60% of the ESS materials, and among which 10% could be reused into making new batteries. (Kelty, 2008) On the official website, Tesla claims that the Tesla Loop Battery Recycling Program provides not only an attractive feature on respecting the environment, but also a high margin of return. (Teslamotors, 2011) Waste Management All the motor vehicles have a limited lifetime, so does Tesla. Materials such as cobalt, nickel, and other rare metals are recycled, while the others are composed as waste. Tesla recycling factory tries to minimize waste by maximizing recyclable materials. (Richard, 2008) Statistic shows that with over half ESS materials recycled, the rest 40% of the ESS materials go to waste. (Kelty, 2008) In European region, the lifespan for Tesla battery is 7-10 years, or 160,000 miles of mileage. Tesla vehicles that reach their lifetime will be recalled back to the recycling factory in Belgium for waste management. (New Atlas Team, 2011) Conclusion   It has been a controversial topic for years whether electric vehicles like Tesla are indeed as environmentally green as they ought to be since they are first introduced. (Wade, 2016) Analyzing from different standpoints would give us quite different conclusions. On one hand, electricity is indeed a cleaner energy than fossil fuels, so from the perspective of burning fuels, electric cars are green as they help reduce the emission of carbon dioxide by avoiding fossil fuels consumption. On the other hand, if we take the whole lifecycle of an electric car into consideration, the manufacture process itself of producing an electric vehicle takes more energy and generates more carbon emissions and pollutions than that of a regular gasoline vehicle. With this portion accountable for evaluation, electric vehicles could not be considered as environmentally responsible as they are advertised. Just as the discussion on solar panels, now a part of Tesla’s battery source, (Shanahan, 2016), whose benefit is not clearly seen in the short run, Tesla vehicles also give a similar dilemma as we could never imagine where it would lead in the future without enough experience and feedback from current users. Therefore, whether Tesla is actually “green” remains a disputable discussion, and from different perspectives, we may come up with different reasoning, but in conclusion, there is one fact that is not debatable, that Tesla is using green energy, electricity.   Citation Page Wade, Lizzie. “Tesla’s Electric Cars Aren’t as Green as You Might Think.” Wired. Conde Nast, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2016. Lambert, Frederic. “Tesla Could Triple the Planned Output Of Gigafactory 1 to 150 GWh, says Elon Musk.” Electrek. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 June. 2016 Fehrenbacher, Katir. “ 7 Reasons Why Tesla Insists On Selling Its Own Cars.” Fortune. N.p., Web. 19 Jan. 2016. “Tesla Motors.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., N.p., Web. n.d. Lambert, Frederic. “Tear down of 85 kWh Tesla Battery Pack Shows It Could Actually Only Be a 81 kWh Pack.” Electrek. N.p., 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Lambert, Frederic. “Tesla Model S Battery Pack Data Shows Very Little Capacity LOss Over High Mileage.” Electrek. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 June. 2016 Teslamotors, “Home Charging Calculator.” Charging Your Model S | Tesla. N.p., Web. 2016. “Forums.” How Many KW to Charge a Tesla.| Tesla Motors. N.p., Web. 2016. Noland, Davis. “Tesla Model S Battery Life: How Much Range Loss For ELectric Car Over Time?” Green Car Reports. N.p., 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016 Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. “Tesla Faces Raw Material Reality with Expanded Gigafactory.” Benchmark Minerals. N.p., Web. 11 Aug. 2016 Teslamotors, “Tesla Gigafactory.” Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla. N.p., Web. 2016 “Tesla Shipping Services.” Cost to Ship a Tesla \ Uship. N.p., Web. 2016. “Time for Change.” CO2 Emissions for Shipping of Goods | Time For Change. N.p., n.d. Web. 2016 Richard, Michael Graham. “Tesla Passes 500 Supercharger Stations Milestone (over 2,800 Individual Superchargers).” TreeHugger. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Sep, 2015 Teslamotors, “Tesla Factory.” Tesla. N.p., Web. 2016. Teslamotors, “Service Plans.” Service Plans | Tesla. N.p., Web. 14 Nov. 2016. Teslamotors, “Tesla’s Closed Loop Battery Recycling Program.” Tesla. N.p., Web. 26 Jan. 2011. Gaines, Linda. “The Future of Automotive Lithium-ion Battery Recycling: Charting a Sustainable Course.” Sustainable Materials and Technologies. Science Direct. N.p., 15. Nov. 2014. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. Rubenoff, Sarah. “Direct-To-Consumer Sales Debate Goes Way Beyond Tesla.” Auto Remarketing. N. p., Web. 22 Jan. 2016. New Atlas Team. “Tesla Announces Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Program in Europe.” New Atlas. N.p., Web. 1 Feb, 2011. Richard, Michael Graham. “Here’s What Happens To A Tesla Electric Car Battery At The End Of Its Life” TreeHugger. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar, 2008. Kelty, Kurt. “Mythbusters Part 3: Recycling Our Non-Toxic Battery Packs.” Tesla. N.p., Web, 11 Mar, 2008. Shanahan, Jess. “Tesla’s Acquisition Of SolarCity Is A Match Made In Heaven With Its New Powerwall 2.” Energy Digital. N.p., Web, 28 Nov. 2016           Leandro Reyes Reyes Professor Christina Cogdell DES 40A December 1, 2016 Waste: Tesla Model S Throughout the process of designing, drafting, and building any product there is large amount of potential waste. Waste can be produced in various ways from unused materials to chemical gases that are released during the creation of the item. Automobiles, more specifically the Tesla Model S, are no exception to this. The world-renowned vehicle is advertised as environmentally friendly and produces zero emissions. Waste that comes from the Tesla Model S is publicized to be close to none and this alone has caused a craze around the car. Our group chose to analyze the life cycle of the of car to see just how environmentally friendly the car is. Being an electric car has allowed for the elimination of the gases which arise from the internal combustion engine. By analyzing the waste output of the Tesla Model S throughout its entire life cycle we understand how Tesla is pushing the electric car towards being the more environmentally friendly. The raw materials needed to manufacture the Model S are acquired through several different fashions which leads to the various forms of produced waste in the process. One of the most common materials used in this model and other cars is aluminum. Aluminum is a key material needed in the car and can be extracted using the Bayer Process. By means of the Bayer Process, alumina, also known as aluminum oxide, is produced and will be used to construct the automobile. A caustic solution for digestion of trihydrate such as a caustic soda solution, a mixed solution of caustic soda and sodium carbonate, or a recycled caustic aluminate solution in the Bayer process [1]. A red mud is created through the Bayer Process that is high in Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and must be reprocessed through other methods. This red mud is often thought of as the waste that comes with extracting the aluminum when it encounters water. Additionally, when humans are in the mines attempting to extract and locate the aluminum ores they can be exposed to it and become ill. The uptake of aluminum can take place through food, through breathing and by skin contact. Illnesses that arise from being exposed to high amounts of aluminum are: damage to the nervous system, dementia, loss of memory, etc. [2]. Employees of companies that extract aluminum around the world are in risk of contracting these illnesses on the job. Like aluminum, nickel is another metal needed to be extracted from the Earth that also negatively affects those who mine it. An uptake of too large quantities of nickel has the following consequences: several different types of cancers, lung embolism, respiratory failure, birth defects, etc. [3]. Exposure to the element comes at a huge risk for these workers and cause problems for their future generations. Animals around the refiners tend to be the most affected and they also develop various types of cancers from exposure to high levels of nickel. Another material needed to build the Model S is rubber. Rubber is a common material in most vehicles as it is used to make the tires. One of the most important materials in tires is carbon black, which is not eco-friendly. Carbon black, with the exception of chemically treated and water dispersible carbon black grades, is appropriately and most often disposed of in landfills. Carbon black is not biodegradable [4]. Landfills are constantly filled with this as a byproduct of tires and this, as mentioned above, will not decompose into the Earth. Leather is also highly used in the Tesla Model S for its luxury looks; seats and other parts of the interior are wrapped in leather. Although the leather comes from animals, Tesla does not use the rest of the animal and thus must purchase the leather because it is not convenient to raise animals simply for leather. Acquiring these materials is only the first part because they still need to be shaped, processed, and manufactured before they could be used on the Tesla Model S. Manufacturing of the Model S occurs within high efficiency factories designed with the environment in mind. There is currently one factory to produce all Tesla vehicles located in Fremont, California. This factory was acquired from New United Motor Manufacturing Inc and has since, underwent a lot of renovations to make it state of the art and green for the environment. We added skylights and high-efficiency overhead lights to brighten what was once a dark, enclosed space. State of the art robots now help us lift, turn, weld and assemble the aluminum occupant cell and body to extremely high tolerances [5]. New technology is constantly brought into the factory, which reduces waste, stretching toward the zero-waste goal. Another factory in the process of construction to produce batteries is called the Gigafactory. Located in Sparks, Nevada, the massive factory’s goal is to have zero energy waste. The Gigafactory is aiming to run 100% on renewable sources of energy thus, like the Model S, producing zero emissions. Waste is minimized through all the efficient production processes to keep the car as carbon neutral as possible. Since the vehicles get produced here, the Model S must be transported great distances before it is ever sold or purchased. The distribution and transportation of the Model S is cost heavy since they must be shipped long distances. Cars going across seas to other continents must be shipped in pieces rather than a completed vehicle for safety reasons. When the pieces arrive, they are assembled at a Tesla location in the desired country, which makes the waste that arise from the boat shipping across the ocean apart of the waste associated with the car. A solution to this waste is if Tesla opted to manufacture each car close to where it was being sold but Tesla chooses otherwise because it would reduce how much control they could have on the quality of the car. Cars shipped across the United States will likely experience being transported by a truck that has an internal combustion engine. These engines are inefficient and associated with a lot of waste. Only about 15 percent of the energy from the fuel you put in your tank gets used to move your car down the road or run useful accessories, such as air conditioning. The rest of the energy is lost to engine and driveline inefficiencies and idling [6]. Along with all the waste produced from the engine, the trucks also require tire and part changes. The tires being changed add to the landfills, as previously mentioned, due to the carbon black they contain. Although this may not be direct waste from the vehicle it is nonetheless waste that arises from the transportation of each production of the Model S. Unlike internal combustion engines, electric engines have proven to be green and efficient while in use. A benefit that comes with owning a Tesla Model S is that you are being environmentally responsible. The Model S is advertised as a car that releases zero emissions; burning fuel produces a variety of emissions, including sulfur, lead, unburned hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and water [7]. Since the vehicle does not have an internal combustion engine it avoids emitting these gases, enabling zero emissions. The innovative electric motors now produce all the power of a gasoline engine without the waste that comes with it. During the use of the automobile it still needs to be serviced, just as any other car, but the parts being serviced are what makes it environmentally friendly. Due to the electric engine, there is no need for oil changes, trips to the gas station, etc. Even though this may be a benefit, it is not perfect. The Model S still needs other parts replaced such as tires, brakes, lightbulbs, etc. Waste still arises during the daily use of the car but it is lessened by not having to change gasoline engine specific parts. The waste that comes out of the Model S when being used is a minimum and nothing more than some basic repairs. Although, carbon black is still wasted when replacing all the tires. The zero emissions hold true with Tesla no matter how many times it is sold or driven. Throughout its life cycle, an electric car is at its most environmentally friendly state when it is being used. After the usage of the Model S it cannot be just left in a land fill, it must be taken apart and recycled. The amount of parts of a Model S that can be recycled is often changing with the implementation of new technologies into the car. Hazardous cleaning chemicals are very common and are likely to require special waste management arrangements [8]. All the aluminum and plastics must be taken apart for it to be recycled and thus the entire car cannot just be recycled. Aluminum can be recycled after it is melted down which allows for it to be purified and reshaped in too many different things. The properties of aluminum make it most valuable in the building and construction sector are its low density, its high corrosion resistance, and the design flexibility resulting from the ease with which aluminum can be extruded [9]. Aluminum can be taken in to a broad amount of other business where it is used in abundance. Not much effort goes into aluminum to be reused aside from any paint removal that it may have so that it can be purified again and used just as if it were being used for the first time. Plastics on the other hand are not so easily recycled since they are not an element but rather a chemically created compound. A lot of the chemicals used to make plastics are not safe to burn due to the gases they release which increases the difficulty of using plastics. Disposing of plastics by burial in sanitary landfill, contrary to popular belief, is by far the safest method of dealing with waste plastics, since, due to the absence of oxygen, they do not oxidize or biodegrade under these conditions [10]. Glass is another part of the Model S that can be recycled and used for other things once it is removed from the car. Using waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate did not produce any notable change in the concrete color [11]. This is one that glass can continue to be used after it is used in the windshield of a Tesla. By implementing glass into the production of cement it lowers the amount of waste that comes out of a Model S that is no longer in service. Although the car cannot be entirely recycled, there is still a fair amount of waste that is avoided through the separation of the Tesla. The dismantling of Model S allows for more efficient waste management and leads to less waste. With all the recycled parts gone, the rest of the Model S can be disposed of properly. The Department of Energy recently awarded $9.5 million to a California-based recycling company to boost capacity for lithium-ion batteries, the kind used to power most of the new hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles entering the world market [12]. The batteries used in the Tesla Model S are not yet recyclable and thus still must be taken apart and thrown away in an environmentally friendly way. Some of the elements used in making these batteries such as nickel and cobalt simply make these batteries too valuable to send to a landfill. Tires, as mentioned above, just must be thrown into a landfill since they cannot be recycled. Overall, there is still an ample amount of car parts that must be thrown away or are to environmentally unfriendly that they require other safer methods of being disposed. Ultimately, the waste produced by the Tesla Model S throughout its life cycle is mostly limited when it is being manufactured and used. The “green” portion of the Model S comes from the high efficiency factories that allow for less energy to be used and the zero emissions from the car that help the keep the environment clean. Waste is produced throughout the entire life cycle of the car and some of the normal waste that arises from any vehicle are no different with the Model S. Tesla does its best to limit the amount of waste that arises from the car in their hands but in the end, they cannot control everything from how the raw materials are acquired to how it is dismantled and recycled. The Models S is an electric automobile that breaks barriers with their constantly innovating technology, limiting other electric cars, while still maintaining an environmental responsibility. Sources Cited: 1. Yamada, Koichi, et al. "Process for extracting alumina from aluminous ores." U.S. Patent No. 4,426,363. 17 Jan. 1984. < https://www.google.com/patents/US4426363> 2. "Water Treatment Solutions." Aluminium - (Al) - Chemical Properties, Health and Envrionmental Effects. Lenntech B.V, n.d. Web. <http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/al.htm > 3. "Water Treatment Solutions." Nickel (Ni) - Chemical Properties, Health and Environmental Effects. Lenntech B.V, n.d. Web. < http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ni.htm> 4. What Is Carbon Black?" Environmental Aspects. N.p., n.d <http://www.carbon-black.org/index.php/what-is-carbon-black/environmental-aspects 5. "Tesla Factory." Tesla Factory | Tesla. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.tesla.com/factory> 6. "Energy Losses in a Vehicle." Energy Losses in a Vehicle. California Energy Commissions, n.d. Web. <http://www.citationmachine.net/bibliographies/148706162?new=true> 7. Eberhard, Martin, and Marc Tarpenning. "The 21 st Century Electric Car Tesla Motors." Tesla Motors (2006). <http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Tesla_Motors.pdf > 8. Managing Waste in the Automotive (components ..." N.p., n.d. <http://pdf.aigroup.asn.au/environment/16_Automotive_Manufacturing_Waste_Reduction_Factsheet.pdf> 9. Schlesinger, Mark E. Aluminum recycling. CRC Press, 2013. <https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pSQtAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=3.%09Schlesinger,+Mark+E.+Aluminum+recycling.+CRC+Press,+2013.&ots=n1BrKXnSIS&sig=UPBOR9QWCMyAb52tzMQawMBHMdo#v=onepage&q=3.%09Schlesinger%2C%20Mark%20E.%20Aluminum%20recycling.%20CRC%20Press%2C%202013.&f=false > 10. La Mantia, Francesco Paolo. Recycling of PVC and mixed plastic waste. ChemTec publishing, 1996. <https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KWFq-bx2s-0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=plastic+recycling&ots=5QAsWsZcVR&sig=ar9eDkSZhCC6vNtbzRwAn_j4f5g#v=onepage&q=plastic%20recycling&f=false> 11. Ismail, Zainab Z., and Enas A. Al-Hashmi. "Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete." Waste management 29.2 (2009): 655-659. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0956053X0800281X/1-s2.0-S0956053X0800281X-main.pdf?_tid=f5002c96-9b4b-11e6-9310-00000aacb362&acdnat=1477466301_89b6bc610a3e9c0acf5b6d5e925c31f9> 12. Taylor, Phil. "When an Electric Car Dies, What Will Happen to the Battery?" Scientific American. N.p., 14 Sept. 2009. Web. < https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lithium-ion-batteries-hybrid-electric-vehicle-recycling/#> Bibliography Carpenter, Frank T. "Production of synthetic rubber." U.S. Patent No. 2,386,931. 16 Oct. 1945. <https://www.google.com/patents/US2386931> Eberhard, Martin, and Marc Tarpenning. "The 21 st Century Electric Car Tesla Motors." Tesla Motors (2006). <http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineering/Tesla_Motors.pdf > "Energy Losses in a Vehicle." Energy Losses in a Vehicle. California Energy Commissions, n.d. Web. <http://www.citationmachine.net/bibliographies/148706162?new=true> Ismail, Zainab Z., and Enas A. Al-Hashmi. "Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete." Waste management 29.2 (2009): 655-659. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0956053X0800281X/1-s2.0-S0956053X0800281X-main.pdf?_tid=f5002c96-9b4b-11e6-9310-00000aacb362&acdnat=1477466301_89b6bc610a3e9c0acf5b6d5e925c31f9> La Mantia, Francesco Paolo. Recycling of PVC and mixed plastic waste. ChemTec publishing, 1996. <https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KWFq-bx2s-0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=plastic+recycling&ots=5QAsWsZcVR&sig=ar9eDkSZhCC6vNtbzRwAn_j4f5g#v=onepage&q=plastic%20recycling&f=false> Managing Waste in the Automotive (components ..." N.p., n.d. <http://pdf.aigroup.asn.au/environment/16_Automotive_Manufacturing_Waste_Reduction_Factsheet.pdf> Mølgaard, Claus. "Environmental impacts by disposal of plastic from municipal solid waste." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 15.1 (1995): 51-63. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/0921344995000139/1-s2.0-0921344995000139-main.pdf?_tid=4ba00c80-9b4a-11e6-924e-00000aacb362&acdnat=1477465588_34fb5a3c615f738d9ee04173d3fab008 > Mudd, Gavin M. "Global Trends and Environmental Issues in Nickel Mining: Sulfides versus Laterites." Global Trends and Environmental Issues in Nickel Mining: Sulfides versus Laterites. Elsevier B.V., Oct. 2010. Web. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136810000569> Robert M., Enick, Eric J. Beckman, Chunmei Shi, and Jianhang Xu. "Remediation of Metal-Bearing Aqueous Waste Streams via Direct Carbonation." Remediation of Metal-Bearing Aqueous Waste Streams via Direct Carbonation - Energy & Fuels (ACS Publications). American Chemical Society, 2 Feb. 2001. Web. < http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/ef000245x> Reck, Barbara K., and Thomas E. Graedel. "Challenges in metal recycling."Science 337.6095 (2012): 690-695. <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6095/690.full > Schlesinger, Mark E. Aluminum recycling. CRC Press, 2013. <https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pSQtAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=3.%09Schlesinger,+Mark+E.+Aluminum+recycling.+CRC+Press,+2013.&ots=n1BrKXnSIS&sig=UPBOR9QWCMyAb52tzMQawMBHMdo#v=onepage&q=3.%09Schlesinger%2C%20Mark%20E.%20Aluminum%20recycling.%20CRC%20Press%2C%202013.&f=false > Taylor, Phil. "When an Electric Car Dies, What Will Happen to the Battery?" Scientific American. N.p., 14 Sept. 2009. Web. < https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lithium-ion-batteries-hybrid-electric-vehicle-recycling/#> "Tesla Factory." Tesla Factory | Tesla. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.tesla.com/factory> "Water Treatment Solutions." Aluminium - (Al) - Chemical Properties, Health and Envrionmental Effects. Lenntech B.V, n.d. Web. <http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/al.htm > "Water Treatment Solutions." Nickel (Ni) - Chemical Properties, Health and Environmental Effects. Lenntech B.V, n.d. Web. < http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ni.htm> Werber, Mathew, Michael Fischer, and Peter V. Schwartz. "Batteries: Lower cost than gasoline?." Energy Policy 37.7 (2009): 2465-2468. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301421509001311/1-s2.0-S0301421509001311-main.pdf?_tid=b1327458-9b49-11e6-aebb-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1477465329_08cd1c7a1bb84eac58ed2b41a7945fa9 > What Is Carbon Black?" Environmental Aspects. N.p., n.d <http://www.carbon-black.org/index.php/what-is-carbon-black/environmental-aspects > Yamada, Koichi, et al. "Process for extracting alumina from aluminous ores." U.S. Patent No. 4,426,363. 17 Jan. 1984. < https://www.google.com/patents/US4426363> http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vinyl-stickers daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480598076962-DT2Y7ZH4U6YS479QMHP5/image-asset.jpeg Vinyl Stickers http://www.designlife-cycle.com/raspberry-pi daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480558360685-YRORXCOI4V34Y04L0EBN/RP+Poster Raspberry Pi Iyesha Puri DES 40A, Fall 2016 December 1, 2016 Raspberry Pi LifeCycle: Materials I’ll be honest, the first time someone mentioned the word ‘Raspberry Pi’ to me, I undoubtedly thought of the food item; soon enough, I realized that a pie made no sense in the given context and I was enlightened with knowledge of this new technology. So, how did this peculiar name come to be? “Raspberry” is an homage to early computer companies being named after fruit, like Apple, Tangerine Computer Systems, and Acorn (which ultimately inspired this microcomputer’s design). The “Pi” derives from the original idea to make a small computer to run only the Python programming language (Chen). In fact, today there even exists a Banana Pi and Orange Pi, both of which are competitors with the Raspberry Pi. It’s interesting that when many competitor products have similar functionality, we use aesthetics or size to choose the “best one”, but almost never base our decision off of the life cycle of the product: the energy usage and sustainability. The evaluation of a product should primarily rely on its life cycle and its environmental impacts. Through this project, we aim to break down the processes of the Raspberry Pi to assess its entire life cycle, emphasizing upon the materials, energy, and waste. The Raspberry Pi is essentially a cheap credit-card sized micro PC which was developed as a response to the lack of a computer-literate younger generation, attempting to make computing more accessible around the globe. It is a versatile product that can function as a proper desktop computer, but is most generally used as an add-on functionality to smart devices. Like most digital technology, the Raspberry Pi is composed of a variety of intricate components, each with its own set of raw materials and production processes. Its basic structure consists of a circuit board, Broadcom CPU, and various electrical connectors. The lifecycle of each of these components begins with variety raw materials, which go through prolonged processes to end up a certain way in the finished product (Raspberry Pi Hardware). The frame of the Raspberry Pi is essentially the circuit board, whose two major constituents are fiberglass, which provides insulation, and copper, which forms conductive pathways. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the birthplace of this fiberglass and copper, it is safe to assume that the sand used for fiberglass is being mined in sand quarries in Asia, which has led to its rapid economic growth and boom in construction. The sand that is found in most deserts is “unsuitable for concrete and land reclaiming since wind erosion process form round grains that do not bind well.” However, this extraction process plays a toll on the biodiversity; the volume being extracted is having a major impact on rivers, deltas and coastal and marine ecosystems (Green Facts). With the acquisition of these raw materials, molten glass is ejected to produce glass fibres woven to create a sheet of fiberglass fabric. The sheet is infused with epoxy resin and heated to harden the resin. Next, a photosensitive material called photo-resist is applied to both sides of the copper-clad laminate; here, ultraviolet light is used rather than visible light so the board can be handled safely in daylight. Next, the board is immersed in a chemical solution to develop the latent image. Finally, the board is electroplated with tin, which, once again, only adheres to those areas of the board that will form the pads and tracks. The tin serves three purposes: “it prevents the copper tarnishing; it provides a surface that can be soldered to more easily than copper; and it acts as a resist (after first removing the remaining photo-resist).” Lastly, solder paste, a mixture of solder powder and flux, is printed onto pads on the top surface of the board where the contacts of the surface-mounting components will be melted. (Tech Radar). Within the circuit board lies the most essential component of any electronic device, its CPU. Sand contains high percentages of silicon in the form of silicon dioxide, the base ingredient for semiconductor manufacturing. This sand is mined in the same manner as that of the sand used in the circuit board. After silicon is extracted from the sand, it is purified in multiple steps to reach the Electronic Grade Silicon used in semiconductors. Electronic Grade Silicon may only contain one alien atom per one billion Silicon atoms. One big crystal is grown from the purified silicon called an ingot. The ingot is cut with a very thin saw into individual silicon slices (called wafers), each of which are then polished to a flawless mirror-smooth surface. A photo resist liquid is then poured onto the wafer while it spins at high speed, depositing a thin and even resist layer across the entire surface. Next, an ultraviolet laser is shone through masks and a lens causing tiny illuminated UV lines on the surface. Everywhere these lines strike the resist, a chemical reaction takes place making those portions soluble. The soluble photoresist material is then completely dissolved by a chemical solvent. From there, an etching chemical is used to partially dissolve (or etch) away a tiny quantity of the polished semiconductor material (the substrate) (Anthes). Aside from the circuit board and CPU, there are various electrical ports on the device that the user can use to connect various devices to. Precious Metals are commonly used in connector applications for their resistance to tarnish and stability in unfavorable environments. Typically, these are Silver, Palladium or Hard Gold based – or they may also be multilayer systems such as gold-capped palladium in order to reduce precious metal usage. “Tin is a widely used electrical contact finish due to its malleability and the ability to easily displace tin oxide at the mating surfaces.” Additionally, tin plating can be combined with Noble Metal contacts to provide corrosion resistance to the connector spring alloy (Materion). Although the principal stages of material usage in the Raspberry Pi life cycle are raw material acquisition and manufacturing, the subsequent processes of distribution, use, recycling, and waste management introduce new materials. Many consumers do not consider fossil fuels in a life cycle of a product, but important to realize that in order to transport and distribute materials to different production sites and retail locations, large quantities of fossil fuels are consumed. The raw materials required for fossil fuels are oil and coal, both of which are harvested underground, and are used to fuel engines for transport vehicles; however, most of the United States’ fossil fuels are outsourced from Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, or Mexico, so one can imagine how much extra materials and energy are required to obtain fossil fuels in the first place. In addition, recycled paper is used for the packaging (US Energy Information Administration). Since the Raspberry Pi is so customizable, the use phase of the Raspberry Pi varies from consumer to consumer. In general, most consumers use the ports on the device to connect other devices. In an article titled, “Top 10 things to Connect to your Raspberry Pi”, the most interesting devices I found were movement sensors, which are great for security systems or robotic sensors and USB wifi dongles, which can connect your Raspberry Pi to a network without any cables (Hawkins). As far as maintenance of the device goes, only the Raspberry Pi’s software needs to be updated for security patches and improvements, but the hardware usually stays intact. Most would think that the cycle of a product ends here, but there is a lot of behind the scenes work in terms of recycling and waste management that must be accounted for. Recycling and waste management are less materials heavy, and more energy and waste heavy; but there are interesting facts to note. With the continuous change in technology, electronic devices are disposed of and upgraded on a regular basis by both individuals and businesses. This continual change generates a huge amount of waste computers which need to be recycled. The computers can be stripped down and all of the internal components removed (batteries removed, metal frames dismantled etc), and the remainder of the components can be refined for precious metal recovery. Computer components contain an array of precious metals (Gold, Silver and Palladium). They also have a high percentage copper content. All of these metals can be recovered through a refining process, allowing the components to be fully recycled and no waste ending up in landfill. However, for a device as small as a Raspberry Pi, there isn’t nearly enough precious metal in the device that would justify the energy needed to remove precious metals; however, in larger devices, this is a common practice (AWA Refiners). To conclude, although the final product of the Raspberry Pi is as small as a credit card, its life cycle requires a lengthy list of materials to create, transport, maintain, and recycle. This goes to show that if a simple product has a this complicated a life cycle, life cycles of larger objects are even more so. By going through a thorough life cycle assessment, we hope to bring awareness to consumerism and emphasize the importance of environmentally friendly products. When various electronic products have the same functionality, our decision should stem from the life cycle of the product. At the end of the day, what uses the least energy and leaves the cleanest footprint on our Earth?   Bibliography: Anthes, Gary. "Making Microchips." Computerworld. Computerworld, 08 July 2002. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. Chen, Francis. "What Is the Story behind the Name "Raspberry Pi"?" Quora. N.p., 16 June 2014. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. "ELECTROPLATED CONNECTOR MATERIALS." Electroplated Connector Materials. Materion, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. Hawkins, Matt. "Top 10 Things to Connect to Your Raspberry Pi." Raspberry Pi Spy. N.p., 19 Mar. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "How Motherboards Are Made: A Miracle of Modern Electronics." TechRadar. TechRadar The Source for Tech Buying Advice, 15 Aug. 2010. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "Product Of The Week – Motherboards." AWA Refiners Limited. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "Raspberry Pi Hardware." Raspberry Pi Hardware Documentation. Raspberry Pi Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "The Mining of Sand, a Non-renewable Resource." Green Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "U.S. Crude Oil Imports." U.S. Crude Oil Imports. US Energy Information Administration, 30 Nov. 2016. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.           Justin Jia Full Energy Life-cycle of Raspberry Pi A+ Raspberry Pi A+ is a tiny yet fully functional and affordable single-board computer. Compared to its predecessor Raspberry Pi A, it delivers stronger performances yet consumes less power (“Raspberry pi model A+.”). Built from low-cost components, the Raspberry Pi A+ operates at a maximal cost of $1.23 a year, when running 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. Although the energy consumption of a Raspberry Pi A+ is relatively low compared to other computing devices, one cannot ignore the energy cost accumulated throughout the lifecycle of Raspberry Pi A+, including the energy used in acquiring, processing, and manufacturing of the raw materials used to create the devices, distributing the devices to end users, running the devices, recycling or disposing them. The energy used of acquiring raw materials of the Raspberry Pi A+ is relatively low, since the Pi does not need a lot of materials and most of them are pretty common raw materials that can be easily acquired. Most of the raw materials used to manufacture the Raspberry Pi A+ are copper, plastic, and silicon (glass fibers). The Raspberry Pi A+ can be treated as a single PCB board. Usually a PCB board is made from 30% metals (mostly copper), 40% glass fibers (mostly silicon), and 30% other materials (mostly plastic), as shown in Metals Content in Printed Circuit Board Waste (Szałatkiewicz). According to RoHS Certificate of Compliance, each of other rare or toxic materials, like Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium, accounts for less than 0.1% of the total materials used to build a Raspberry Pi A+, so the energy cost related to extracting those materials can be ignored. Based on the data from Energy for Plastic, the energy expenditure of producing plastic ranges from 36,000 kilojoules per kilograms to 54,000 kilojoules per kilograms (Hamman). According to Energy Used in the Copper Industry, “mining uses about 20 percent of the total energy requirement; milling around 40 percent; and smelting, converting, and refining the remaining 40 percent.” (Office of Technology Assessment) In combination, the energy cost of mining copper is estimated to be 85 million Btu per ton. Converting to kilojoules and kilograms, it is equal to 98,855 kilojoules per kilograms (Office of Technology Assessment). Based on the data from Refining Silicon, the energy cost of producing silicon is between 14 kilowatt-hour per kilograms and 16 kilowatt-hour per kilograms (PVEducation). Using kilojoules as the unit, they are equivalent to 50,400 kilojoules per kilograms and 57,600 kilojoules per kilograms. The website Pi Zero vs A+ Pro and Cons states that a Raspberry Pi A+ weights about 23 grams (Mike). Ignoring other rare materials, one can say that a Raspberry Pi A+ is roughly made from 30% copper, 40% silicon, and 30% plastic. Therefore, to produce a Raspberry Pi, at least 6.9 grams copper, 9.2 grams silicon, and 6.9 grams plastic are needed at minimum. It needs 682 joules, 530 joules, and 373 joules of energy to acquire each of them representatively. Hence, the total energy used for acquiring raw materials of a Raspberry Pi A+ is roughly around 1.6 kilojoules. Although the number does not include the energy used for acquiring other raw materials used for packaging, nor accounting intermediate materials may be used during the process, it’s still a relatively low number. However, the cost of manufacturing the Raspberry Pi A+ is a lot higher than the cost of acquiring the raw materials. As shown in the Raspberry Pi A+ Data-sheet, the Pi has a design similar to a full size computer. It features: a Broadcom BCM2835 chip, a 700 MHz Low Power ARM1176JZFS Applications Processor, a Dual Core VideoCore IV® Multimedia Co-Processor, a 512 MB SDRAM, and 7 different ports including a 40 pin GPIO connector, a HDMI Digital AV Output, a 3,5mm headphone jack AV Output, aUSB 2.0 Connector, a 15 pin MIPI Camera Connector, a 15 pin Display Connector, and a Micro USB Socket (“Raspberry Pi”). Although the energy cost of manufacturing each specific components is not available to the public, one can find manufacturing energy consumption studies of similar products. According to The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices, usually it takes 1.6 kilograms fossil fuels to manufacture a silicon chip. (Willams, Ayres, and Heller). If using coal as the primary energy source, 1.6 kilograms coal can produce about 46,892 kilojoules energy (“Convert Kilograms Hard Coal to Joules - Energy Converter”). The Raspberry Pi A+ features 3 chips and 7 connectors on board, so the manufacturing process will use at least hundreds of thousands of kilojoules energy. The manufacturing process accounts for most of the energy consumption in the entire lifecycle of the Raspberry Pi A+. The energy consumption of transportation cannot be ignored as well. Most of the energy used during the transportation is coming from airplane from China to the United States, since Raspberry Pi A+ is made in China, according the the label on the chip. A Boeing 747-400 with 240,000 liters of fuel can fly approximately 8,800 miles (MacKay). Distance from China to the United States is 7,252 miles (“Distance from China to United States”), and a Boeing 747-400 can contain 1,845 cubic meters cargo (“Boeing 747 400F Specs, Payload Capacity, Cost, Pictures”). In this case, ignoring the package, the size of a Raspberry Pi A+ is 66x56x14mm, which will take up to 5.1744x10^-5 cubic meters space (“Raspberry Pi.”). Therefore, a Boeing 747-400 needs 197,781 liters of fuel to transport 35,656,308 raspberry Pi A+ from China to the United States. For each individual Raspberry Pi A+, it will cost around 5.5 milliliters of aviation fuel. According to Energy Density of Aviation Fuel, the energy density of aviation fuel is around 43,000 kilojoules per kilograms (Elert). So the energy consumption of transporting a Raspberry Pi A+ from the factory to the end user (assuming located in the United States) is above 236 kilojoules. The cost of running a Raspberry Pi A+ a year is below 1.23 UC Dollars (this number may vary depending on the energy tariff). According to Raspberry Pi Model A+, Raspberry Pi A+’s power consumption is 1 Watt at maximum, so it will take 1000 hours for a Raspberry Pi A+ to use 1kWh energy (“Raspberry pi model A+.”). A year has 8760 hours (assuming 365 days a year), so at maximum, a Raspberry Pi A+ will use 8.76 kWh energy, or 31,536 kilojoules of energy, per year. According to Electricity Local, the average commercial electricity rate in Davis is 14.08¢/kWh (“Davis, CA Electricity Rates”). As a result, the overall cost of running a Raspberry Pi A+ for a year is about 1.23 UC Dollars for the worst case scenario. Because in real life the Pi will not keep running at full speed all of the time, the actual cost should be a lot lower than the estimated cost. If it is running at 75% of the maximum power in average, the cost should decreases to 0.92 UC Dollars. It’s about 23,000 kilojoules energy. Assuming the average lifetime of a Raspberry Pi A+ is 3 years, the total running energy is still less than 100,000 kilojoules. The energy life-cycle of Raspberry Pi A+ should also accounts for the energy used during the recycling process of the product, since energy is also required during recycling and disposal. Although recycling usually consumes more energy than landfilling, which usually does not need energy, it is still more energy efficient than acquiring raw materials. According to Recycling of Plastics, the energy cost of recycling plastic is about 60% of the energy cost of producing plastics from oil (“Recycling of Plastics”). Benefits of Recycling also claims that recycling copper only costs 10% of energy used in mining copper, which usually needs a lot of energy (“Copper Recycling and Sustainability - Benefits of Recycling”). Recycling other materials used in the Raspberry Pi A+, like silicon, gold and sliver are also beneficial. Recycling can not only minimize the waste, but also reduce the energy consumption if viewing from the entire life cycle. The overall energy cost of a Raspberry Pi A+ is a lot more than just the running energy cost of the device. To be more specific, the running energy cost only accounts for less than 50% of the overall energy cost. The entire energy lifecycle includes energy used in acquiring raw materials like copper, silicon, and plastic, manufacturing the components, like the CPU, GPU, RAM and other ports, assembling them together, transporting the finished product from the factory to end users, running the device, and finally recycling the waste. Although the Raspberry Pi A+ is a relatively energy efficient device comparing to its peers, one cannot ignore the overall energy cost of the device. However, a Raspberry Pi A+ is still a lot more eco-friendly and cost less overall energy comparing to full size computers. Using it to replace other full size computers in a bigger system can still greatly decrease the overall energy consumption and benefit the environment.“Boeing 747 400F specs, Payload capacity, cost, pictures.” AircraftCompare. 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. “Convert kilograms hard coal to joules - energy converter.” Unit Juggler. 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. “Copper recycling and sustainability - benefits of recycling.” copper. schoolscience, n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. “Davis, CA electricity rates.” Electricity Local. Electricity Local, 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. “Distance from china to United States.” DistanceFromTo. 2009. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Elert, Glenn. “Energy density of aviation fuel.” The Physics Factbook. 2003. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Hamman, Curtis. “Energy for plastic.” Physics 240. 24 Oct. 2010. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. MacKay, David. Sustainable energy - without the hot air. n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Mike. “Pi Zero vs A+ - pros and cons.” Raspberry Pi. 26 Nov. 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Office of Technology Assessment. Copper: Technology and Competitiveness. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988. Print. PVEducation. Refining Silicon. n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. “Raspberry pi model A+.” RS Online. 2012. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. “Raspberry Pi.” RS Components. n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. “Recycling of Plastics.” Recycling of Plastics. n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Szałatkiewicz, Jakub. “Metals Content in Printed Circuit Board Waste.” Pol. J. Environ. Stud 23.6 (2014): 2. Print. Willams, Eric, Robert Ayres, and Miriam Heller. “The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices.” American Chemical Society (n.d.): n.pag. Print.   Ethan Wang Waste and Emission of Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized computer that plugs into your TV or keyboard. It is a capable little computer which can be used in electronics projects, and for many of the things that your desktop PC does, like spreadsheets, word processing, internet browsing, and playing games (raspberrypi). It is a product which most people value due to its capability as a mini computer; however, using the device is only one part of its life cycle. From acquiring materials to manufacturing to recycling, it is very important to consider waste management when one considers the lifespan of a Raspberry Pi, especially the waste generated from using electricity as well as all the copper, silicon, and plastic that got thrown away once a Raspberry Pi go on retirement. The beginning of a Raspberry Pi starts with collecting all of its raw materials. During the mining process of copper and silicon, waste rock or other materials that overlay the ore or mineral body are left over when the valuable fraction is separated from the parts that are not going to be used (Nagaraj). These waste materials are called tailings or mining dumps, and they are usually disposed into tailing ponds, which is a wet storage area for these wastes that allows them to be continuously submerged (CBC News). Tailing ponds all need to be designed correctly and are able to store mining wastes indefinitely. Once a tailing pond is filled, the water can be drained behind it and the process poses no risk (Gavett). Sony Global, which is responsible for assembling the Raspberry Pi, has over 250 suppliers, though it was not clear online which specific suppliers were supplying these materials for the Raspberry Pi (Sony). The other main material of a Raspberry Pi is plastic acquired through chemical reaction. Oil and natural gas are the major raw materials used to manufacture plastics, and both of them are collected via oil wells (ecologycenter). Drilling waste is roduced by oil wells, which has a high salt content, as well as chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive material. Due to the fact that drilling waste can cause serious harm to the environment, the oil and gas industry use injection wells to dispose of waste materials where they are processed so they can be stored safely (stateimpact). While Song Global puts different pieces together to manufacture a Raspberry Pi, the first step of the manufacturing is making plastic. The plastics production process often begins by treating components of crude oil or natural gas in a high pressure environment. This process results in the conversion of these components into hydrocarbon monomers such as ethylene and propylene. Monomers are then chemically bonded into chains called polymers. A special catalyst is added during bonding to speed up the process and when the monomers are finished combining, plastic is created (americanchemistry). During the whole process, while not much solid waste is made, most toxic chemicals are released into the air. Significant releases of toxic chemicals include: trichloroethane, acetone, methylene chloride, styrene and more. Other major emissions from plastic production processes include sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides, methanol, ethylene oxide, and volatile organic compounds (americanchemistry). Despite plastic being one of the most commonly used materials in the world, its negative environmental impact causes some serious concerns. Besides plastic, silicon wafers that are used to make circuit boards play a huge part in a Raspberry Pi. The two main chemicals used to make silicon wafers are arsenic and silicon. Although silicon is not toxic, arsenic is highly toxic if absorbed through skin, so the production process can be hazardous. In addition, for every single six-inch silicon wafer manufactured, 25 pounds of sodium hydroxide, 2,840 gallons of waste water, and 7 pounds of miscellaneous hazardous wastes are produced (UVIC). When we consider that 6 million Raspberry Pis have been made to date, the environmental costs are enormous (Sony). Eventually, all materials are put together in Sony’s UK manufacturing plant in Pencoed, South Wales (raspberrypi). In its factory, most waste that is produced during the making of a Raspberry Pi is due to the use of electricity. While there are various ways to produce electricity such as using nuclear power, natural gas, and coal, people are slowly starting to use more renewable energy sources. The main source of electricity generation is still fossil fuel. As a result, it releases nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, other greenhouse gases, and atmospheric particulate matter into the air. Because the modern society still heavily depends upon electricity, in order to minimize the negative environmental impact of electricity production, more renewable energy needs to be put into use. Once a Raspberry Pi is finally finished in the factory, it is ready to be boxed and distributed. Since Raspberry Pis are being sold all over the globe, the transportation methods would include planes and tracks. Planes used for transportation consume a special type of fuel called jet fuel, which is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons (ICAO). During flight, aircraft engines emit heat, noise, particulates as well as gases. Among all the chemicals that are being emitted, carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and black carbon interact amongst themselves and with the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. According to a study in Finland, during a long distance flight, one hundred and thirteen grams of carbon dioxide are released every time the plane travels one kilometer (LIPASTO). Because global warming has become a more and more urgent concern, people are trying to cut the level of greenhouse gas emissions by increasing aircraft efficiency as well as operation efficiency (aviationbenefits). Similarly, while transporting on tracks or on rail roads, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides are released as well (LIPASTO). To fix this problem, car companies have attempted to make more and more hybrid vehicles. Even though most of those companies are aiming at everyday consumers, such technology is slow to apply to current methods of shipping and distribution. Using a Raspberry Pi is fairly simple; it is like a mini computer. So just like a normal computer, a Raspberry Pi is powered using electricity. According to a study, a Raspberry Pi only has a power of point five two watts (raspi). On the other hand, just like everything else that uses electricity, using the Raspberry Pi is going to release nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, other greenhouse gases, and atmospheric particulate matter into the air due to electricity generation through fossil fuel. However, since a Raspberry Pi uses a very little amount of electricity, the environmental impact it causes is very minimal. The first Raspberry Pi came out in 2012, and the Raspberry Pi Model A+ was just released last year. Such mini computers last for a long time, so there are barely any retired Raspberry Pis. However, they will stop working eventually, and the materials that they are made of such as copper, silicon, and plastic will get recycled or disposed just like other electronic components. Copper has a history of ten thousand years; it is the best non-precious metal conductor of electricity, and as a result, copper has been picked as the main material for conductors in Raspberry Pis (Leblanc). However, copper waste is iron-rich hazardous waste containing heavy metals such as zinc, cobalt, and lead which would cause harm to the environment (Coruh). Consequently, copper waste cannot be disposed of in its direct form and therefore requires treatment to be stabilized prior to disposal. On the other hand, copper has a really high recycle value as it holds 90 percent of new copper’s value. As a result, it has the potential to be nearly completely recovered after its life in a Raspberry Pi. Both disposal and recycling processes release greenhouse gases. However, the process energy to manufacture one ton of copper from raw materials is 109.23 million Btu, whereas the energy required to recycle one ton of copper waste is around 10 million Btu: the energy requirements for recycled copper are nearly ninety percent less than the processing of new copper from virgin ore (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste). The amount of greenhouse gases are significantly lower for copper recycling which is why, in terms of environmental impact as well as sustainability, copper recycling is the preferable method for obtaining copper. The other main material for the Raspberry Pi is plastic. It usually can be very dangerous to the environment because chemicals leached from plastics are harmful to the land as well as human health. If deposed of directly, plastics will stay in the environment for a long time because of its stable chemical structure. On the other hand, if plastics are destroyed by incineration, it will pollute the air, land and water and exposes workers to toxic chemicals, including carcinogens (Kosior, Hopewell and Dvorak). Raspberry Pi contains mainly three types of plastic: polymethylpentene (PMP), polyvinyl chloride, and epoxy resin. PMP is considered eco-friendly as it is halogen-free; however, it would still take years to decompose in the environment. PMP is not recycled often due to its high recycling cost; but since a Raspberry Pi only contains a small amount of PMP, the environmental impact is minimal (AZoM). On the other hand, polyvinyl chloride, also known as PVC, is not so environmental friendly as it contains chemicals that may cause cancer. Also it is not degradable so items made from PVC will retain their form for decades (Thornton). What is worse is that PVC is difficult for recycling due to the presence of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium; it has to be treated separately from other wastes. As a result, a very small percentage of PVC is recycled (Bloch). Lastly, epoxy resin is eco-friendly just like PMP, but it also takes years to decompose (westsystem). Moreover, epoxy resin cannot be mechanically recycled, except to be potentially re-used once it has been size-reduced. This is because epoxy resin is permanently cross-linked in manufacture, and therefore cannot be re-melted and re-formed (Yuen). A retired Raspberry Pi also contains other electronic waste such as silicon, and other minor yet toxic substances (Wath). Releasing these substances into the environment would be hazardous, and we do have the technology to recycle them. Advanced Technology Materials Inc. (ATMI) has developed a selective chemical process: hydrometallurgical processing that recovers valuable materials from electronics using a “green chemistry” technology. The process is cost-effective, environmentally safe, and does not require shredding or grinding, thus reducing the loss of precious metals. However, it does require the electronics to be separated from other everyday wastes (Baeyens, Lettieri, and Salem). Nowadays in 2016, we do have the tools to recycle the non-environmental friendly materials within a Raspberry Pi. However, it also often requires the awareness of consumers as they need to recycle their Raspberry Pi at specific locations (Namias). Though it is a tough task, as more and more campaigns are advocating for our precious environment, greater numbers of people are going to realize the importance of recycling and moving towards a sustainable future.     Bibliography "Aircraft Engine Emissions." Aircraft Engine Emissions. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Contract Manufacturing." Contract Electronics Manufacturing | Sony UK TEC. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Al-Salem, S.M, P. S, and J. Baeyens. "Recycling and Recovery Routes of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW): A Review." Recycling and Recovery Routes of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW): A Review. N.p., Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. Coruh, S. "Treatment of Copper Industry Waste and Production of Sintered Glass-ceramic." Waste Management & Research 24.3 (2006): 234-41. Web. "Deep Injection Wells." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Environmental Concerns." Enviornmental Concerns. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Environmental Efficiency." Environmental Efficiency : Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Environmentally-friendly Epoxy Resins | JEC Group." Environmentally-friendly Epoxy Resins | JEC Group. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Environmental Impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride Building Materials." N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. FrontLine. "Tailings Dams Where Mining Waste Is Stored Forever." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Green Living Tips." Green Living Tips RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Leblanc, Ricky. "Copper Recycling and Its Importance." The Balance. N.p., 1 Aug. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016. Leblanc, Ricky. "The Facts on Copper Recycling." The Balance. N.p., 31 Aug. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016. "LIPASTO Data." LIPASTO. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Lytle, By Claire Le Guern. "When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide." Plastic Pollution. N.p., Apr. 2016. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. "Material Properties of the Cross-linked Epoxy Resin Compound Predicted by Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Material Properties of the Cross-linked Epoxy Resin Compound Predicted by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Minerals Recovery and Processing." Minerals Recovery and Processing - Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology - Nagaraj - Wiley Online Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. Namias, Jennifer. "THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING IN THE UNITED ..." N.p., July 2013. Web. 16 Nov. 2016. "Plastics." Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities." Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities |Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Pollution and Hazards from Manufacturing." Ecology Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Polymethylpentene (PMP) / TPX Plastic Recycling” AZoM. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. News, CBC. "Tailings Ponds for Mining and Oilsands Waste: FAQs - Technology & Science - CBC News." CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 2014. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Raspberry Pi A How Much Power Does It Need?" RasPi.TV. N.p., 2014. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Raspberry_Pi. "Raspberry Pi FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions." Raspberry Pi. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Silicon Wafer." Silicon Wafer | Environmental Impact. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Sony Corporation Global Headquarters." Sony Global - Reducing Waste Generation. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Sony Corporation Global Headquarters." Sony Global - Responsible Supply Chain. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014’." N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Streamlined Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Copper Wire." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. Wasserman, Elizabeth. "Your Security Resource." How to Dispose of Computers, Cables, Keyboards, Mice and More. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2016. Wath, Sushant B., P. S. Dutt, and T. Chakrabarti. "E-waste Scenario in India, Its Management and Implications." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 172.1-4 (2010): 249-62. Web. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rayban-wayfarer daily 0.75 2016-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480590206343-GV2WM4LVCDDZNBI873C9/Ray-Ban+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Ray-Ban Wayfarer http://www.designlife-cycle.com/golden-gate-bridge daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480587540443-Y6KA5AUGOLU4Q2ODS70G/image-asset.jpeg Golden Gate Bridge http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tree-house-life-cycle-1 daily 0.75 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1480571515457-1DXP5926FRQ8KXLVI1C6/image-asset.jpeg Tree House http://www.designlife-cycle.com/velvet daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521097984340-WMIQ7E95R20ZUC8UVWZ8/velvetlifecycle+copy-page-001.jpg Velvet http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hunter-wellington-boots daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521093849262-LNYFNM2RWZZ3132OX7HP/image2.jpg Hunter Wellington Boots http://www.designlife-cycle.com/baseball-hat daily 0.75 2018-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1520993308008-TJF2AZQO5TIKBNJGXN0H/40+hat.png Baseball Hat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521068312190-7DHND2WBZPFCDLF2DQZF/Picture1.png Baseball Hat Figure 2(What We Do) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521068362509-QBBVBNT50U9VZYHQCBEH/Picture1.png Baseball Hat Figure 1 (How Products are Made) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/juul daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521046098564-R1UHKQJRK7GLO54P0Y6V/JUUL+Poster.jpg JUUL https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521045885397-Y6FR4MGXAX3AF4J95BZU/JUUL+Poster.jpg JUUL   Olivia Edgerton DES40A Research Project   The Juul Raw Materials: Healthier, But Not Quite Sustainable   The leading cause to preventable death in the United States is cigarette smoking. Around 480,000 people per year die due to cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking has continued to decline in our country, but we still remain with 15% of adults in the United States engaging in smoking (CDC). Many people work towards making smoking alternatives called, “e-cigs” to help those who smoke be healthier with their choices. The Juul is a new version of the electronic cigarette that is made up of many different materials that the company states are, “the highest quality manufacturing materials and flavor ingredients” (Juul). With the small flash drive design, it’s easy to carry around and quick to use. The Juul focus on improving individual’s lifestyles, but is also a small glimpse of progress to a healthier environmental cigarette product. The Juul does promote a cigarette litter free environment and less toxic emissions, but it also still has major issues such as the use of plastic and zero decomposable products. The Juul’s main goal is to provide smokers a product that is safer for the individual, but through this progression society is slowly moving towards a better alternative for the environment as well. The concept of the Juul began with two college smokers, James Monsees and Adam Bowen, whom both were able to recognize the issue of cigarettes. Both of these men were concerned about the health and social impact that cigarettes had and wanted to work towards a better product. Bowen and Monsees worked to create an attractive alternative to a cigarette that implemented a unique design while also having a high nicotine level, and healthier material. Monsees and Bowen did this by creating a device that is smokeless, efficient, and unique. With the internal temperature control system, the Juul avoids burning and regulates heat without having to use a flame. There is no information regarding the desire for these men to create a sustainable product because most of their focus on e-cigarettes came from the concern of the roaring negative health effects. This product was explicitly explained that it was not to create a new smoking generation, but to promote a healthier alternative. (support.juulvapor) The Juul is unique from other e-cigarettes because of its efficiency. The nicotine salts within the Juul Pods are strong due to the ability for the e-cigarettes to get enough vapor without reaching combustion (support.juulvapor). The Juul’s Nicotine salts come with multiple flavors to endure satisfaction to their customers while also collecting their nicotine from the tobacco leaf itself (support.juulvapor). The Juul and Juul’s raw materials are manufactured both in San Francisco and internationally. The team works to make sure that all parts of the Juul’s production comply with U.S safety and quality standards such as, “Restriction of Hazardous Substances and Electromagnetic Compatibility” (support.juulvapor). Researching the Juul’s material and production within the Juul website, it is clear many questions are ignored due to the product having health risks. There is still much more research that needs to be done on these products as well as companies being more honest about the product. The main reason Juul’s are more environmentally friendly is because the Juul is reusable. Cigarette butts are littered all over the world and are not biodegradable. Cigarette butts take 26 years to break down, but the chemicals inside the cigarette remain in the environment for much longer (info-electronic-cigarette). Having the option to recharge and refill cuts down waste, but e-liquids for the pods still need to be replaced. Knowing the way to properly discard these cartridges would help promote a healthier environment (info-electronic-cigarette). Where both the cigarette and the Juul harm the environment, the Juul is moving in a positive direction. The reusable aspect of the Juul includes an aluminum shell that encompasses a lithium ion battery, a USB magnet, a circuit board and a pressure sensor (support.juulvapor). All of these components of the Juul are separate from the “pods” which are not reusable. These components all play a role in promoting a more sustainable cigarette because it is rechargeable. Having a durable metal being used as the main component of the Juul is a vital reason why this product is reusable. The metal is strong which means it is able to last long. The Juul’s aluminum shell is what covers most of the materials within the product. Aluminum is a “lightweight, strong and flexible metal.” (rusal.ru). Aluminum also holds properties that help it be not only be durable, but have high thermal and electric conductivity (rusal.ru). Although production of aluminum impacts the environment through its emission of greenhouse gases, it is still one of the most environmentally friendly metals because of its recyclability. Production of aluminum still uses a great amount of energy that requires a lot of water and electricity, so although it may be better than other metals, it still is not completely sustainable. Being able to recycle helps prevent waste. More than 38% of the worlds litter comes from 4.5 trillion cigarette butts (ecigone). The Juul incorporated a lithium ion battery with the purpose of simplicity and ease, but these rechargeable devices also allow for continuous use of the Juul without needing to purchase another or throw it away. The lithium batteries also require less energy to keep them charged than other common batteries. The batteries in Juul’s are able to be recycled through a program called Green Smoke and Mistic (ecigone). These company asks for shipments of used 50 or more e-cigarette cartridges or batteries in exchange for new ones. There are no recycling options for the Juul itself, but it is a step in the right direction having recyclable options for the Juul parts. In addition, there are also no easy way to recycle Juul products. These companies that offer a solution ask for an abundant number of pods ranging from around 50 pods per shipment (ecigone). As this does erase a lot of waste and littering issues, it is still not fully promoting a clean environment, but more so promoting people to smoke more to collect more pods. The lithium battery contributes to environmental pollution. According to the U.S federal regulations these batteries are hazardous to the environment due to their large lead, cobalt, and nickel content (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Lithium ion batteries also present hazards under hot or cold temperature. The Juul is meant to be stored in between 41 degrees Fahrenheit and 113 degrees Fahrenheit (support.juulvapor). The Juul also contains a circuit board and a pressure sensor. Both of these devices are used to help mechanically support the use of the Juul. The circuit boards can be found in electronics and are used to connect electrical components through. Circuit boards contain lead which is an environmental hazard (made how). Pressure sensors work to measure the pressure of liquids or gases within a product. (Wikipedia/Pressure_sensor). The USB magnet is added to the Juul in order to help hold the product connected to the charging dock (support.juulvapor). This magnet can be harmful to computers and should be kept away from credit cards, and items with magnetic strips (support.juulvapor). Magnets are made by combining aluminum, nickel, and cobalt (van.physics.illinois). All of these materials impact the environment through their release of toxins and greenhouse gasses. The part of the Juul that is not reusable are called the “pods.” These pods are made out of, “heat resistant, food grade plastics, and contain a stainless-steel vapor path, an industry standard silica wick, and nichrome coil heater.” These pods are sold separately for when you run out of the nicotine filled liquid inside of the pod. The food grade plastics are plastics that are government regulated. These plastics meet pure standards that do not harm humans. All of the other materials are used to help create the “smokeless smoke”. This component is what makes the Juul healthier than the cigarette. “"Cigarettes combust when burning tobacco, which creates smoke. JUUL uses a temperature regulation system to heat nicotine-based liquid to an ideal level and is designed to avoid burning” (juullabs). The ability to have smokeless smoke not only prevents secondhand smoking, but it also less harmful to the environment to have no “side stream smoke” (info-electronic-cigarette). One issue with these pods is that when they are disposed many of them still contain nicotine fluid which ends up contaminating the ground (huffingtonpost). Another is that although there isn’t smoke being spread in the air, nicotine aerosol contains carcinogens and other toxins which are being blown in the air (huffingtonpost). The Juul is a small progressive product that begins to look at smoking in a more environmentally friendly way. It is clear most e-cigarette producers are not focusing on the environmental impacts of cigarettes as much as they focus on the health risks, but it seems these issues go hand in hand. The more toxic the material one is putting in their system, the likelihood of it being as toxic for the environment is high. It is important for Juul users to take the time to research recycle opportunities or to learn the best way to recycle lithium batteries and aluminum. If people take the initial step to educate themselves on proper recycling than e-cigarettes will be a positive change in the tobacco industry. A major hurdle that this industry has it to actually be able to get these long-time smokers to use an e-cigarette. Many smoker’s, my father included, do not believe that nicotine vapor can compare to the strength of a normal cigarette. Not only that, but many cigarette smokers don’t realize that the butt of a cigarette aren’t biodegradable. Educating people on the harmful impacts that smoking has on the environment is one of the biggest steps people can take in promoting a healthier lifestyle, both for the environment and for oneself.       Julianna Truong Professor Cogdell, TA: Taylor Section 02 Des40A 14 March 2018 JUUL Electronic Cigarettes- Embodied Energy There are many processes that go into the manufacturing of JUUL electronic cigarettes. From raw materials, each component of the electronic cigarette embodies energy to produce those components. For such a small device, the energy tat is required to produce these electronic cigarettes is in actuality surprisingly high. This high energy and fuel usage comes from having to process and manufacture each and every little part that goes into a functioning JUUL electronic cigarette. The main components that make up the JUUL e-cigarettes and the JUULpods are an aluminum shell, heat resistant and food-grade plastic, a stainless steel vapor path, USB magnets, a circuit board, a nichrome coil heater, a lithium ion battery, a silica wick, and a pressure sensor, and vape juice. The processes used to transform the raw materials into these components are thermal energy, kinetic energy, chemical energy, and electricity. These forms of energy require a large amount of fossil fuels to produce the components of this electronic cigarette. As the JUUL Company does not delve into how they manufacture their electronic cigarettes specifically, much of the manufacturing of their product is generalized and assumed. To begin, the raw bauxite ore needs to be processed into pure aluminum, and then melted again and casted into the aluminum shell of the JUUL electronic cigarette. The bauxite ore is processed and alumina is extracted, then a process called smelting is done to turn it into aluminum (Energy Needed to Produce Aluminum). The process to extract aluminum from bauxite is through electrolysis. This process of extracting aluminum requires a lot of electricity, amounting to about 3% of the world’s electrical supply (Electricity Consumption in the Production of Aluminum). Aluminum produced from aluminum scrap takes less energy than producing aluminum from raw bauxite ore. Since the aluminum shell has a certain shape, I assume that melting the aluminum and casting it in a mold is the process used to manufacture it. The next component in the JUUL electronic cigarette is heat resistant, food grade plastic made with thermal and chemical energy. Food grade plastic a plastic that is safe to be in contact with food humans would consume. Plastic is made from hydrocarbons derived fossil fuels such as petroleum and natural glass (GWC). Plastic is created through chemical and thermal processes. Most plastic is made through polymerization or polycondensation (Creative Mechanisms). In reactors, petroleum distillates are combined with a catalyst. Then heat is added to combine small molecules into larger molecules, resulting in plastic. Different changes in the processes give the plastics different characteristics, from hard to flexible. Therefore, the embodied energy for the production of plastics is chemical and thermal, and even kinetic when machines move to press the plastic into certain shapes after the plastic itself has been produced. The JUULpods are made with food grade, heat resistant plastic as it contains the vape juice or e-juice, the liquid used in electronic cigarettes. Next, stainless steel is produced for the stainless steel vapor path using an assortment of elements: iron ore, chromium, silicon, nickel, carbon, nitrogen, and manganese through thermal and kinetic processes. The raw materials are melted in a furnace that requires 8 to 12 hours of heat (madehow). The machines then roll the alloy into slabs and sheets to be further processed into different things, a kinetic process powered by electricity. Steel is re-melted for different purposes depending on the product, being casted into mold or extruded into wire. Since stainless steel is used in the vapor path of the JUUL electronic cigarette, we can assume that the steel was casted into a specific shape using a mold. Next component in the JUUL electronic cigarette is the USB magnets used to connect to a USB port to charge the device. Natural magnets are derived from an iron ore magnetite, known as a lodestone (madehow). We can assume that the extraction of this ore is labor intensive, require heavy machinery as with the mining of many other compounds and ores form the earth. Stainless steel alloys can also be turned into magnet through a thermal process. The Alnico alloy magnets are made with aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. The alloys are combined in a furnace and the burning of fossil fuels produces thermal and chemical energy. Ceramic magnets can also be made with barium fertite or strontium fertite under heat and pressure (madehow). The process also requires fossil fuels to be burned to get the furnace hot enough to smelt metal. The other components are the circuit board and the nichrome coil heater. Circuit boards are made with fiberglass epoxy resin bound onto copper foil with etched or plated patterns also made with copper (madehow). To elaborate, fiberglass is made mainly from silica sand, limestone, and soda ash. These materials are then put into a furnace for melting and are then fed through electrically heated bushings called spinnerets to produce fibers. The nichrome coil heater is made of nichrome, an alloy consisting of nickel and chromium. The alloy is melted at 1400 degrees Celsius and can be extruded to produce wires (Chemistry Learner). These processes are mainly chemical and thermal. The kinetic energy comes from the humans and machines that do careful detail work to produce functioning circuit boards. Moving on to the lithium ion battery, the production starts with a lithium ingot. The 11-pound ingot is pressed with a machine powered with electricity causing it to move (kinetic energy) and flatten the lithium into a thin sheet. In a laminator, the sheet is further thinned with rollers, again powered with machines running on electricity. The lithium ingot turns into a roll of lithium at 665 feet long that can be used to make 210 batteries. The lithium wound into spools and is then put into a vacuum oven where the layers are adhered together at 176 degrees for 90 minutes. People then use a voltmeter and measure each battery to check if it holds the required voltage. The batteries after processing can be used in different modules, which we can assume is a different sized lithium ion battery for the small compact size of the JUUL electronic cigarette. The most important part of the electronic cigarette is the nicotine vape juice. Since people who use the product want an alternative to a traditional cigarette, they want to be able to use nicotine without as many health risks compared to smoke. Vape juice, or e-liquid is made from a vegetable glycerin base, propylene glycol, and pharmaceutical grade nicotine (Floorwalker). Nicotine comes the tobacco plant. The tobacco leaves are crushed mixed with solvents such as alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, kerosene, or water and distilled. Vegetable glycerin is produced from plant oils such as palm oil, soy oil, or coconut oil. Vegetable glycerin is extracted using a process called hydrolysis (Edward). Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a compound with the reaction to water. Propylene glycol is also known as antifreeze (Draxe). Propylene glycol is produced starting off as a byproduct of propene, and is then processed into propylene oxide. Then, propylene oxide goes through hydrolysis to produce propylene glycol. All of the processes required to produce each ingredient in vape juice consists of chemical and kinetic energy. The JUUL electronic cigarette requires vast amounts of energy to produce. The parts of the electronic cigarette that was the most energy intensive were the components that required metals or metal alloys, which required a furnace and high temperatures to melt. This meant burning a lot of fossil fuels producing thermal, chemical energy. Almost the entire electronic cigarette was made of metals, except the plastics and the nicotine juice. These two components of the electronic cigarette used mostly thermal and chemical processes and chemical energy to produce. Energy to transport and acquire the raw materials to be manufactured into each component could not be found. However, JUUL does state that their electronic cigarettes are domestically manufactured in the United States as well as manufactured internationally under supervision. We can also assume that raw materials come from around the world and therefore need to be shipped and in from other countries by airplane and motor vehicles. There was also no information that could be found in regards to the recycling of the JUUL electronic cigarette, the silica wick, or the production of the pressure censor. Overall, the JUUL electronic cigarette is energy intensive and requires fossil fuels and other fuel to heat the furnaces for melting and extracting metals, create electricity to power the machines to manufacture components, and also chemical energy to produce plastics, glycerin, and nicotine. Bibliography “Creative Mechanisms Blog .” How Plastics Are Made And What You Need To Know About Them, Creative Mechanisms, www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/how-plastics-are-made-and-what-you-need-to-know-about-them. Edward. “What Is Vegetable Glycerin?” Dr. Group's Healthy Living Articles, Global Healing Center, Inc, 24 Nov. 2015, www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/what-is-vegetable-glycerin/. Edwards, Rebekah. “Surprise! You're Eating a Component of Antifreeze! (And Here's What It Does to Your Body).” Dr. Axe, 6 Jan. 2018, draxe.com/propylene-glycol/. “Fiberglass.” How Products Are Made, Made How, www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Fiberglass.html. Floorwalker, Mike. “10 Facts That Everyone Gets Wrong About Vaping.” Gizmodo, Gizmodo.com, 19 Nov. 2014, gizmodo.com/5-facts-that-everyone-gets-wrong-about-vaping-1659938937. GWC. “Food Grade Plastic, What Is It, How Is It Different from Other Plastic.” Great Western Containers Inc., GWC, 24 Apr. 2013, gwcontainers.com/food-grade-plastic-what-is-it/. Harlay, Jérôme. “Nicotine E-Juices: Natural, Tobacco-Free or Synthetic?” Vaping Post, Vaping Post, 30 June 2016, www.vapingpost.com/2016/06/28/nicotine-e-juices-natural-tobacco-free-or-synthetic/. “How It's Made Lithium Ion Batteries.” YouTube, How It's Made, 3 Mar. 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJrNCjVS0gk. “JUUL FAQ.” JUUL, JUUL, support.juulvapor.com/home/learn/faqs. “Magnet.” How Products Are Made, Made How, www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Magnet.html. “Nichrome.” Chemistry Learner, Chemistry Learner, www.chemistrylearner.com/nichrome.html. “Primary Production.” Primary Production | The Aluminum Association, 12 Jan. 2017, www.aluminum.org/industries/production/primary-production. “Printed Circuit Board.” How Products Are Made, Made How, www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Printed-Circuit-Board.html. Reid. “Electricity Consumption in the Production of Aluminium.” MrReid.org, 15 July 2011, wordpress.mrreid.org/2011/07/15/electricity-consumption-in-the-production-of-aluminium/. “Stainless Steel.” How Products Are Made, Made How, www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Stainless-Steel.html. “U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” Energy Needed to Produce Aluminum - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), EIA, www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=7570. Where Does Nicotine Come From? | White Cloud.” Electronic Cigarette Blog | White Cloud, White Cloud, 10 Mar. 2017, www.whitecloudelectroniccigarettes.com/blog/where-does-nicotine-come-from/. “Aluminum.” Aluminium, Rusal, rusal.ru/en/aluminium/. eCig One Staff. “How to Recycle E-Cigarettes.” ECig One, ecigone.com/e-cigarette-basics/recycle-e-cigarettes/. “E-Cigs and the Environmental Impact They Have On the Planet.” IEC Best E-Cig & Vape Guides, info-electronic-cigarette.com/what-is-vaping/e-cigarettes-and-the-environment/. Holding, Carol Pierson. “E-Cigarettes Put the Environment at Risk.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 22 Apr. 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/carol-pierson-holding/ecigarettes-put-the-envir_b_7108124.html. “Home » Juul Labs.” Juul Labs, www.juullabs.com/. Kang, D H, et al. “Potential Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries in Electronic Waste.” Environmental Science & Technology., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 21 May 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638841. “Manufacturing Quality.” JUUL, Juul, support.juulvapor.com/home/learn/faqs/manufacturing-quality. “Pressure Sensor.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Mar. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensor. “Printed Circuit Board.” How Products Are Made, www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Printed-Circuit-Board.html. RecycleNation. “Find A Recycling Location.” RecycleNation, 18 Apr. 2017, recyclenation.com/find/. “Smoking & Tobacco Use.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Feb. 2018, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm.     http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bic-lighter daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521125850465-KYVUU0E7BW8MJHTH8MDM/Bic+poster.jpg BIC Lighter “BIC Lighter 2008-12-31.” Wikipedia Commons, 31 Dec. 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BIC_lighter_2008-12-31.jpg. “Burn Paper.” Deviantart, 1 Mar. 2012, crazzhky.deviantart.com/art/Burn-paper-288099357. “BIC Logo.” 1000logos, 1000logos.net/bic-logo/. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/gel-bracelets daily 0.75 2018-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1520977312000-I06HYQU9UCWT97G1XDT3/DES40A_Poster_03-08+PRINT.jpg Gel Bracelets http://www.designlife-cycle.com/carbon-fiber daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521054129801-BP7W44MKJP98STBQR300/DES40+RESEARCH+POSTER.jpg Carbon Fiber https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568237171799-UC3TPF6633EK4ZO7SY93/carbon+fiber+full+size.jpg Carbon Fiber https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521054208682-GEY0J5TLIXI86DHL2RAZ/DES40+RESEARCH+POSTER.jpg Carbon Fiber http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sanitary-pads daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1520980065803-WPEIGCBLQD2BXL6CCGMV/Sanitary+Pad+Poster Sanitary Pads http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bassoon daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521094206570-ZQYX99DZ6CK10KKRHRFW/Bassoon_Poster-page-001.jpg Bassoon http://www.designlife-cycle.com/microbial-fuel-cell daily 0.75 2018-05-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1526625876980-3AUVKRYV3M64TCSBCOMW/Untitled-Project+%283%29.jpg Microbial Fuel Cell https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1526624752595-O46V9DOAKVSN8DDN7MN8/Untitled-Project+%283%29.jpg Microbial Fuel Cell http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hermes-exotic-bags daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521083525562-1O0DI15D9PJZZ2L6O8K2/Hermes+Exotic+Bags Hermes Exotic Bags http://www.designlife-cycle.com/antimicrobial-clothing daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521101272111-4MRAGWZ92HT7MUTVHJVV/antimicrobial+clothing+poster+%281%29+%281%29.png Antimicrobial Athletic Clothing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521086671281-1JH2EA2V7R6TM5ETCEWC/antimicrobial+clothing+poster.png Antimicrobial Athletic Clothing http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ssds daily 0.75 2018-03-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521139456661-XVJ4BU0VKQM1TARX5SEW/SSDposter.jpg SSD Memory Card http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ziploc-bags daily 0.75 2018-03-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521054659281-FK2T2CA52ZQAGBADIHYA/Ziploc_Poster.jpg Ziploc Bags http://www.designlife-cycle.com/3m-77-adhesive-spray daily 0.75 2018-03-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521226218934-NEFVW51VZL8HJ7S6U7N0/final+poster.jpg 3M 77 Adhesive Spray https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521077439520-UHSXNQ917OUAAYB3M4IF/3M+77+Adhesive+Spray 3M 77 Adhesive Spray http://www.designlife-cycle.com/martinguitar daily 0.75 2018-03-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521172519230-HGN9E9SSBF8CG8EPFDMW/JpegGuitarPoster.jpg Martin Guitar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521172899128-2PMIYIWVEG6K9C58Y8F7/Martin_DCX1AE_macassar_Poster.jpeg Martin Guitar http://www.designlife-cycle.com/the-baggins-end-domes daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521127160632-PF82ONVNRV4SDVTRKLEW/DES40Aposter+copy+%281%29-page-001.jpg The Baggins End Domes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521085255399-0ORZNLE7P27XL9J4Y08L/Screen+Shot+2018-03-14+at+8.40.42+PM.png The Baggins End Domes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521098575304-6NMHM7Z1L7E3FZP0K753/Polyurethane.jpg The Baggins End Domes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disposable-chopsticks daily 0.75 2018-03-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1520920214396-WDVX611UCTNEC15HO2NW/Final_ChopsticksPoster.jpg Disposable Chopsticks http://www.designlife-cycle.com/umbrella-lifecycle-assessment daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521059291746-69IXEW77ZALJ0AHBWTO3/Umbrella+LifeCycle.pptx.jpg Umbrella http://www.designlife-cycle.com/adidas-futurecraft-4d-shoes daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1520900766307-4Q8L3OS6YRGI194HU90O/adidas+Futurecraft+4D+Poster+%28final%29.jpg Adidas Futurecraft 4D Shoes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1520964029826-F39X5265N7V6V1MBWEC6/adidas+Futurecraft+4D+Poster+%28final+jpg%29.jpg Adidas Futurecraft 4D Shoes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tide-pods daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521062505771-ARL22HGLKMD7WWFKDY1B/DES+40A+poster.jpg Tide PODS http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fireworks daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521069996666-NY4MRY77KT5YU7VPHFCX/FIREWORK+POSTER.jpg Fireworks http://www.designlife-cycle.com/baseball daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521070922495-138HRDXW8KOYWYJBZDF4/Life-Cycle-of-a-Baseball-WEB.png Baseball https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521095154935-Y83HPXZA755CTHMUZP2M/Life-Cycle-of-a-Baseball-WEB.png Baseball http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hot-wheels-life-cycle daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521089339759-Q01NCFGE63N369O95JCM/DES40A+Life-Cycle+Project.jpg Hot Wheels http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disposable-wipes-lifecycle daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521089958364-S5ZFX9ZXDDBAKB2UAB2K/Des+40A+poster.jpg Disposable Wipes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521089331295-V98SF9APSFBP9TB950HB/Des+40A+poster.jpg Disposable Wipes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hydrogen-fuel-cell daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521087086702-520JG0OU513X6AWW5AXL/Hydrogen+Fuel+Cell+Life+Cycle Hydrogen Fuel Cell http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fitbit-charge-2 daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521078556483-580ZDME5M4XKP9IN6CU7/Poster+fitbit.jpg Fitbit Charge 2 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bamboo-rayon daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521086894559-STPS9EJMIOQ8YS8RTYFJ/Wong%2CM_DES40A_Poster_final.png Bamboo Rayon http://www.designlife-cycle.com/faux-fur daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521095854115-02I65HJ91XOBALZKOIAW/des40a+faux+fur.png Faux Fur http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sharpie daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521090590138-L16ZK3PEOG5R18A5KZQ8/Sharpie+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Sharpie http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-5w-usb-charger daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521128945502-5914R63M2GDV3J43K6DZ/Shigezumi_Christopher_DES40A+Poster.jpeg Apple 5W USB Charger https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521128860270-GQZHVQUUJ9JMZZ85PPRE/Shigezumi_Christopher_DES40A+Poster.jpeg Apple 5W USB Charger http://www.designlife-cycle.com/manduka-pro-yoga-mat daily 0.75 2018-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521143806049-YEL4MLSBQW7CCF3GF1PK/MANDUKA+PRO+YOGA+MAT+POSTER.jpg Manduka Pro Yoga Mat http://www.designlife-cycle.com/100-dollar-bill daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1521102839344-2MRHUEJDC6UE884H6S3G/lifecycle100.jpg $100 Dollar Bill http://www.designlife-cycle.com/colgate-toothpaste daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1543880211050-KSXEJS7GRYRUT50RDPCD/DES40A+FQ2018.jpg Colgate Toothpaste http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ramen daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544046147980-3OXQSUA5BS1BUWB57I9X/Des+40+poster+.jpg Ramen http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cigarettes daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1543969571388-A26SBMUEUVEU4V6TIU9V/DES+40A+LCA+Poster+final.png Cigarettes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1543895423641-A7GW8SYB46VZLGRMDRCG/image-asset.png Cigarettes Life Cycle of Cigarettes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/led-flashlight daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1543966707806-WVWBGR1KUVRM1T8C2Y30/LED+Flashlight+Life+Cycles.png LED Flashlight http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mirenaiud daily 0.75 2018-12-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1543994923867-EG2QBJQY8TNXSOPHHX7F/MirenaposterFINAL.png Mirena IUD Lifecycle of the Mirena IUD http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plastic-straws daily 0.75 2018-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544037204129-L680AI4S5BBXHPTH1ODF/Plastic+Straw+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Plastic Straws https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544038492198-BMEKM7M82H028ABD3GR5/PP-gas-phase-process-example.jpg Plastic Straws https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544038525834-ILB6955N23AVH5FMZCDA/Polypropylene-PP-liquid-phase-process-example.jpg Plastic Straws http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mascara daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544056948205-3CPCX99RVZ1ROQ2IT0R7/mascara+poster.png Mascara http://www.designlife-cycle.com/dove-bar-soap daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544065593126-1CEHXCR2SIETP6O92Z6L/LCA+Dove+soap.jpg Dove Bar Soap Fernando Hernandez Sanchez SID:915767548 SAS 43 December 6th, 2018 Life Cycle Research Paper Materials Introduction The White Beauty Bar soap is one of the many products of Dove’s Skin Cleansing line. Dove claims this soap will give people softer, smoother, more radiant skin in comparison to any ordinary soap. This soap is mainly used for nourishing dry skin of face, body, and hands and it is advertised to contain ¼ moisturizing cream that helps retain skins moisture.[1] This bar soap has a variety of ingredients listed on Dove’s website, some of them are: Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate, Stearic Acid, Lauric Acid, Sodium Isethionate, Water, Sodium Stearate, Sodium Cocoate Or Sodium Palm Kernelate, and Tetrasodium Etidronate, and is important to mention this soap is not vegan, because it is manufactured from animal fat. Throughout this paper, besides the ingredients, I will examine which are the primary raw materials extracted, the materials added during the manufacturing process, the transportation and packaging materials, and waste materials. Also, I will determine the waste materials and how these materials can be reused or recycled. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the composition of the materials used to make these bar soaps, and how these materials have an environmental impact throughout the different stages of the life-cycle of the soap with a central focus on Materials. Raw Materials Acquisition Soaps are chemical products called surface-active agents or surfactants, these products are “well-known for their detergency, which is due to a reduction in water surface tension which removes the dirt by wetting, emulsification, lathering, and removal” [11]. The White Beauty Bar Soap is manufactured by the saponification of fats and oils (triglycerides) of vegetable or animal origin and the neutralization of fatty acids, specifically by saponification of palm oil and some animal fat. The White Beauty Bar Soap is listed as having a variety of ingredients, however the necessary raw materials involved in the manufacture of soap, these are oils and fats, soda lye and some additives like sodium carbonate and perfumes. For the manufacture of the White beauty bar soap, first palm kernel oil is mixed with tallow, which is fat from cattle, this central combination gives soap its detergency properties. The most common soaps are manufactured by saponification of a combination of lauric oils and hard fats in a ratio of 1/3 - 2/3. [11] Starting with the primary raw materials needed for the manufacture of the soap, water is needed as a solvent for dissolving the oxidizer, basically, a solvent is always needed, it can either be milk, water or any liquid containing water, this to mix with the oils and make soap.[2] The water used for the manufacture of soap is extracted naturally in the nearest place from the factory. Vegetable oils and animal fat are other raw materials mentioned in the process of saponification. Animal fat is used to prepared for example Stearic Acid by “treating the animal fat with water at high temperature leading to the hydrolysis of triglycerides” [2], once you get the stearic acid, this is used as a hardener in soap. Tallow is one of the most crucial animal-based raw material needed to produce soap. Tallow can be found in cattle fat after extraction Tallow is mixed with Lye to create sodium tallowate which is salt of Tallow and it is used for cleansing [2]. Palm oil is a vegetable prominent primary raw material, specifically Palm Kernel oil, this oil is likely that it comes overseas from Malaysia or Indonesia and is manufactured into glycerin in the United States. Palm oil is used to create secondary raw materials like lauric acid which is found naturally in palm oil, the latter is used as a surfactant and cleansing agent [2]. Another example of a palm oil derivate is sodium palmitate, which is a salt made by mixing Palmitic acid and Lye and adding water, this secondary material is used for cleansing and creating lather [2]. Sodium Palm Kernelate is another surfactant derived from combining Palm oil with an oxidizer such as sodium hydroxide. Also, some other vegetable derived raw materials are; Maltol, used as a flavoring agent occurs naturally in some types of plants and is harvested directly; Sodium Cocoate is used as a surfactant, produced by hydrolysis of the ester linkages in the coconut oil with sodium hydroxide [2]. Finally, sodium chloride is the same as ordinary table salt extracted from seawater by evaporating it; this primary raw material is used as a thickening agent [2]. Manufacturing and Processing The manufacturing processes of Dove’s Bar Soap is classified and not shared with the public, however, the general process is known. A soap production line is made up of tanks and additional equipment for drying and finishing the soap [4]. As mention before, Dove’s bar soap is made by the saponification of fatty materials, oils, greases, and tallow, and then "saponified" - by soda to obtain hard soap. Apart from the soap, a by-product - glycerin - forms during the chemical reaction.” [11] In addition to the primary raw materials used to make soap, some secondary raw materials are added during the manufacturing process; Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate is added as wetting agent and emulsifier [2]; sodium stearate is added to help keep emulsions from separating into their oil and liquid components [2]; Tetrasodium etidronate is added during the final stages, this substance is used as a preservative and chelating agent [2]; and finally Titanium dioxide is added as a whitening agent, which makes the White Beauty Bar Soap its distinctive white color. At the end of the process the soaps are dried and obtained in the form of bars or flakes, depending on the cooling and drying method used, is sent to the finishing line, which gives the soap its final appearance, the soaps are packaged and labeled. Distribution and Transportation Once the Dove bar soaps are manufactured, they can be packaged in several size package and presentations, which are later transported to vendors in more than 80 countries. (Dove) the most common package presentation uses a plastic wrapper and a cardboard box. The primary materials for PET plastic wrapper are a derivate of oils and natural gas, these raw materials are transformed to plastic [12] and then this plastic is forced through a die to form a bubble, which later collapses, and forms plastic rolled wrap and finally cut and shaped for packaging. [13] The second part of the packaging is the cardboard box, which primary materials are flute, which is recycled paper, and second-hand paper. These materials are pressed and glued together and then cut for packaging. [14] Use, Re-use, and Maintenance Water is needed to use Dove Bar soap, to create foam to apply to skin. Once the bar soap is used it can be re-used several times until the soap is used entirely. Also, there are some other ways to re-use bar soap, for example, people can melt the bar soap or the remainders of it and then add water to create a shampoo-like product. There is no maintenance needed for Dove bar soaps, the customer would need to go purchase more bar soaps once they run out. In addition, glycerin, which is a by-product formed during the manufacturing of soap, can be repurposed, Unilever re-uses glycerin from other products and incorporates it into other Dove products such as shampoo. Recycle & Waste Management There are no new materials added to recycle soap because the bar soap cannot be recycled. Although the soap cannot be recycled, the PET plastic wrapper is completely recyclable however the process difficult, and the cardboard container can be recycled as well. The user would just dispose of the packaging in the recycle bin and the plastic components are melted and can be used in other new products. The cardboard container is triturated and mixed with recycled paper, cardboard and other components to create new cardboard that can be repurposed. At the end of the Dove bar soap life-cycle, there are no new materials incorporated for waste management. One last thing to consider of the Soap’s life-cycle would be the water “contaminated” by the soap, which this water would go through the drain and down to a water treatment plant where I presume to use the various chemical to treat the water. Conclusion Besides the raw materials and their physical characteristics, I understood that Dove’s soap has a considerable impact on the environment, this seeing it from the materials perspective, this soap is not considered vegan nor animal-free testing. To manufacture this soap, it is required palm oil and animal fat which the extraction of these materials generate an environmental hazard. Most of the materials used in soap will end up in the water in sewers which in significant concentrations can damage the water quality. On the other hand, I found necessary to mention that Unilever mission to decrease waste regarding their packaging is working, by making the soap’s packaging completely recyclable. Besides, Dove uses one of the by-products produced during the manufacturing process, by taking glycerin and adding this by-product to another Dove products like shampoo and other detergents. During my research I learned that there are various forms of manufacturing soap, depending on the final characteristics a company may be looking for, they must consider which materials they should use and must understand the logistics of the acquisition of the raw materials and all the complications it involves. I acknowledge the chemical complexity of manufacturing soap, I notice how every ingredient in the White Beauty Bar Soap has a specific reason to be added. I understood in depth the main primary materials used to make this kind of soap specifically, the origin, how they are extracted, when in the process of manufacturing they are added and what are the properties these materials give to soap overall. I. Bibliography 1. “White Beauty Bar.” Dove US, www.dove.com/us/en/washing-and-bathing/beauty-bar/white-beauty-bar.html. 2. “Dove Ingredients Explained.” Alabu Skin Care, http://www.alabu.com/dove-ingredients/ 3. “Dove, White Beauty Bar” Smart Label, https://smartlabel.labelinsight.com/product/2746633/nonFoodIngredients 4. “Soap” How Products are Made, http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soap.html 5. “Soap” Wikipedia.org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap - Image: “Soap and Detergent manufacturing process” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soap_and_Detergent_manufacturing_process_03.png 6. “ Soaps & Detergents: Manufacturing” American Cleaning Institute, https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/clean_living/soaps__detergents_manufacturing.aspx 7. “Chemistry of Soaps and Detergents:Various Types of Commercial Products and Their Ingredients”, MARCEL FRIEDMAN, PhD. Elsevier Scince Inc. 1996, https://www.cidjournal.com/article/0738-081X(95)00102-L/pdf 8. Spitz, Luis, ed. “Soap Manufacturing Technology”, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Inc. 2016 9. EWG’s Skin Deep Cosmetic Database, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ 10. “Waste & packaging” Unilever, https://www.unileverusa.com/sustainable-living/the-unilever-sustainable-living-plan/waste-and-packaging/index.html 11. Soap Production (CDI, 1995, 70 p.) NGO.http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0edudev--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL1.19&d=HASH4433a1e037444ddb56a0c1.10&x=1 12. “An Introduction to PET.” Fact Sheet - An Introduction to PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) http://www.petresin.org/news_introtopet.asp 13. How products are made. Advameg Inc (2018) http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Plastic-Wrap.html 14. “How a cardboard box is made” The Manufacturer (2014) https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/how-a-cardboard-box-is-made/ Taylor Nonato Des040a Professor Cogdell 6 December 2018 Cradle to Grave Analysis: Embedded Energy within a Dove Soap Bar Soap has been used to maintain personal hygiene as far back in history as the elite upper class of Ancient Rome and Greece, who experimented with different oils to clean their skin. Today, soap making has evolved from these experiments from a handcrafted luxury item into one that is accessible and essential to most of the developed world. Among the many different brands seen in a convenience store, one of the most popular brands of bar soap is by Dove. Founded by the Lever Brothers Co. in 1957, the first product Dove sold was bar soap [3]. Dove is managed by its parent corporation Unilever, who facilitates the manufacturing and shipping of Dove and many other popular brands. The product of interest, Dove bar soap, is made using a lengthy list of synthetic detergents or lyes and oils throughout its production [2]. Although the exact recipe for the production of Dove soap bars remains undisclosed, common large scale manufacturing use a soap-making technique known as the continuous method. This process in its simplest form involves heating the mixture of detergent lyes, salts, and oils, separating byproducts, and cooling the product until it reaches its final state as a bar of soap. This process consumes a wide range of distinct types of energies that the general population has the tendency of overlooking. While the literature on the total and exact energetic costs of Dove soap bars remains largely invisible, some inferences can be made in most areas within Dove’s production process using logic and general known processes for producing soap bars. As environmentally responsible human beings, the best we can do is to research and continue to ask more questions about exactly where and how the common items are produced and what are the different energies are used in the manufacturing a product. Although soap is simple in use, the embedded energetic costs due to its manufacturing and shipping methods are significant. By attempting to trace back the Dove bar through raw material harvesting methods, production processes and shipping methods, the type of energies will become evident to the consumer. For each bar of soap that is produced by Dove, a considerable amount of raw materials need to be harvested. This inherently requires the use of many forms of energy to both extract and transport the materials to a factory where the materials will eventually become the Dove bar soap sold in convenience stores worldwide. While there is a much longer list of complex materials that vary in structure, form, and name, the list can be condensed into a few major raw materials. Alkali detergents chemicals, fats, and oils are essential to the basic process of soap making and each material has its own independent method for harvesting or synthesizing [2]. In a laboratory, the production of synthetic alkali detergents involves chemical reactions that turn simple starting molecules into those making up the necessary detergent chemicals that will eventually be used within Dove bar soap to clean the skin [10]. The chemical processes required demand thermal, kinetic, and electrical energy to facilitate the elementary reactions that make the detergent. These alkali detergents are most likely synthesized and sold to Dove, and therefore needs to be shipped to a Dove factory. By virtue of the geographic area of other raw materials and the “Made in China” label, these detergent chemicals will be produced in a factory in China and shipped via ground-based vehicles. Unilever and Dove have started (as of 2017) to ship using rail methods wherever possible [6,7]. A diesel freight truck (134 miles per gallon) and potentially a freight train (470 miles per gallon) will ship the processed detergent chemicals to a factory also located in China, where it will be further processed [5]. The next raw material that must be acquired and processed through some form of energetic means is animal fat. This fat is used in supplementary chemical reactions in order to produce a salt that is known as sodium tallowate, which is used as a skin moisturizer and requires the use of both thermal, chemical, and electrical energy types [8]. Tallow, which is generally made from the fat of cattle, is then chemically combined with sodium (Na+) to form the salt. Sodium tallowate will have a high probability of being manufactured in China, due to the extensive amount of fat and oil production that is present in the country [4]. With production remaining domestic, this allows sodium tallowate to be shipped through ground-based vehicles, requiring another factor of mechanical and kinetic energy. The last key raw ingredient that needs to be extracted is palm oil. Grown on plantations in the tropical regions of Indonesia and Malaysia, palm trees are harvested for its fruit via farm workers year-round [13]. The fruit is then loaded onto a vehicle to be transported to a separate facility where it can be processed into its conjugate oils. Palm fruits are boiled and pressed resulting in crude palm oil that is then refined and further processed, sold, and shipped to companies such as Dove. In the same Unilever and Dove initiative to switch to rail methods, the companies are also attempting to switch to sea transports when possible in order to reduce emissions [7]. Due to the fact that the palm oil industry is present on tropical islands, it would be most logical to use freight ships to transport palm oil to corresponding Dove factories. From a simple palm fruit to palm oils, this process alone requires an aggregate of energy sources: thermal, kinetic, mechanical, and chemical energies are used in order to bring palm oils to Dove factories. The number of required sources of energy starting at the processing detergent chemicals, animal fats, and palm oils is staggering. The trend of the magnitude of energetic costs only continue to rise moving from the harvesting to the production phase. The large-scale production of bar soap generally involves a process known as the continuous method. As the name suggests, this process is continuous in that it does not stop and therefore consumes massive amounts of energy every second. Large commercial kettles are fed the raw materials mixture of detergent lyes, oils and fats. The mixture is heated and undergoes what is known as the saponification process [9]. The boiling alone may take several days, consuming large amounts of thermal and electrical energy. This results in a concoction that, when cooled and cut into blocks, result in the general form of soap that is seen in bathrooms all over the world. The continuous method, while relatively straightforward, requires an enormous amount of energy, implementing the likes of thermal, mechanical, kinetic, electrical types in order to produce soap bars. The finished product is then packaged, leading to the final major area that Dove soap bars consume energy, the shipping process to distributors all over the world. Unilever, and consequentially Dove, ship their soap bars and other products, using freight trains, trucks, and ships [6]. Depending on the geographic location, distribution plants may reside domestically or internationally. It is possible that only freight trains and trucks will be used. On the other hand, all three methods of shipping and transportation may be necessary to get the bar soap to its final destination. Regardless of the shipping method, there are substantial inputs of thermal, kinetic, and mechanical energy used in order to move bar soaps from factory to distribution. The inferred sum of the energy consumption throughout the entire process is staggering. For such a small and simple object, the implications of this energetic cost have a direct impact on the environment while also possessing underlying ethical and societal consequences. While the energetic costs of a soap bar produced by Dove may seem unimportant to the layman, the magnitude of the energetic costs that were required to produce the bar soap is significant to raise concern. Using what is known from the extraction, production, shipping, and manufacturing process, Dove bar soap spans many energetic types. This results in a huge amount of energy to be used. Although an exact value of energy usage will certainly not be given by Unilever and Dove for its bar soap, it can be reasoned out by virtue of the vast quantity and types of energies that were used. With a strong correlation between an increase usage of energy to an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions that further induces rapid climate change, this should perturb consumers globally. Although it is not feasible to stop production of corporations who make millions of dollars from their products, having more of the general population aware of the energetic costs and its impact on the environment is a major key of success. If enough of the people are aware of the significance by which a simple object such as bar soap has on the environment, it can spur more rapid changes in the methods and energies companies use not just in the production of Dove bar soap, but in every product that is sold in the convenience store. Bibliography “Dove Beauty Bars Sensitive Skin 2Pk”. EWG’S Skin Deep Cosmetic Database. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/product/677161/Dove_Beauty_Bars_Sensitive_Skin%2C_2_pk/. “Dove Ingredients Explained”. Albu Skin Care. http://www.alabu.com/dove-ingredients/. Falotico, Laura. “Dove- Brand Evolution”. slideshare.net, 2018, https://www.slideshare.net/laurafalotico/dove-brand-evolution. Accessed 2 Dec 2018. “Fats and Oils Industry Overview”. IHS Markit. November 2018. https://ihsmarkit.com/products/fats-and-oils-industry-chemical-economics-handbook.html. “Fuel efficiency”. CSX. https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-us/the-csx-advantage/fuel-efficiency/. Accessed 2 Dec 2018. “Our Greenhouse Gas Footprint”. Unilever. https://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/reducing-environmental-impact/greenhouse-gases/Our-greenhouse-gas-footprint/. “Reducing Transport Emissions”. Unilever. https://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/reducing-environmental-impact/greenhouse-gases/reducing-transport-emissions/. “Soap”. How Products are Made. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soap.html. “Soap Production”. Human Info NGO Education and Development Library. 1995. https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-us/the-csx-advantage/fuel-efficiency/. “Soaps & Detergents: Chemistry”. American Cleaning Institute. https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-us/the-csx-advantage/fuel-efficiency/. Accessed 2 Dec 2018. “Transforming the Palm Oil Industry”, Unilever, https://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/reducing-environmental-impact/sustainable-sourcing/transforming-the-palm-oil-industry/ “Soaps and Detergents Book”. Soap and Detergent Association. https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/assets/1/AssetManager/SoapsandDetergentsBook.pdf. “Unilever’s Supply Chain”. Unilever. https://www.unilever.com/Images/unilever-supply-chain-overview---may-2018_tcm244-523172_1_en.pdf. “What is palm oil?”. Green Palm Sustainability. 2016. https://greenpalm.org/about-palm-oil/what-is-palm-oil. Kenneth Hendren Des 40A, Sec 5 Professor Cogdell 11/15/18 Waste & Emissions Dove Beauty Bar The Dove Beauty Bar is a household name which you can find at any grocery store or pharmacy within the United States. It is estimated that 117.19 million Americans used Dove in their daily hygiene practices(Statista). A life cycle analysis is the inspection of a product from the fundamental chemicals that compose of it, to the production process, and finally where it ends up in the world in terms of waste. A profound component of any life cycle analysis is the evaluation of the waste and emissions that a product possesses. This paper will be looking at Dove Beauty Bar’s waste and emissions throughout its entire life cycle and the role the parent company Unilever has in mitigating such potential. The main stages of potential waste the Dove Beauty Bar are from its manufacturing and transportation, consumer recycling and waste water with the product, and the source of the raw materials used in its product. Unilever has made great efforts over the years to reduce their carbon footprint in manufacturing and transportation, however, the source of the raw ingredients used in Dove Beauty Bars pose the greatest environmental threat. Unilever, the parent company of Dove has made great strides in recent years to reduce their carbon footprint in the modern world. They take pride in making their business model as sustainable as possible, “In 2017, our factory sites reduced CO2 emissions from energy by 47% per ton of production compared to 2008(Unilever).” Throughout hours of research there was unfortunately not any more specific statistical information regarding the Dove Beauty Bar alone in regard to factory specific CO2 emission reduction. Unilever owns more than one hundred and sixty brands, and with all of those brands manufacturing unique items themselves it’s impossible to know just how much Dove is doing to reduce its CO2 emissions. When Unilever was contacted directly for more specific information regarding the Dove Beauty Bar they simply replied back with a link to their website with generalized information. There was also no way to find out about any factory specific conditions for the workers or waste water. Unilever has an ambitious mission to become completely carbon positive by 2030. According to their website this means that Unilever will, “Source all our electricity purchased from the grid from renewable sources by 2020, Source 100% of our energy across all our operations from renewable sources by 2030, Eliminate coal from our energy mix by 2020, and directly support the generation of more renewable energy than we consume, making the surplus available to the markets and communities where we operate by 2030(Unilever).” By committing to becoming carbon positive, Unilever will greatly reduce its rate of emissions from its production of products. Renewable energy and the removal of coal powered operations is essential to lowering the levels of carbon emissions from their production factories. The only byproduct that comes from the continuous saponification process is glycerin which Dove more than likely uses in manufacturing other products (Chagrin Valley).” Unilever is making amazing commitments for the future of their production processes and the same could be said of their transportation efforts as well. Unilever doesn’t finish their ambitions at the production level, they know and understand the impact that transportation has on the environment. The threat transportation has on the environment stems from, “burning fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. The buildup of carbon dioxide is causing the Earth’s atmosphere to warm, resulting in changed to the climate we are already starting to see today(EPA).” Dove uses big rig trucks, cargo ships, and airplanes to transport their Dove Beauty Bar products worldwide. There is absolutely no way for Dove to not contribute to climate change. So long as there is a demand for their product, they will have to ship it to the consumer and carbon emissions will be present. However, Unilever is aware of the amount of carbon emissions they produce in the sector of transportation and have made efforts to reduce the overall amount in any feasible way that they can. Unfortunately, there is no readily available information on the average amount of carbon dioxide emissions that a shipment of Dove Beauty Bar’s would normally emit. Unilever state on their website that, “since 2010, we’ve achieved a 31% reduction improvement in our CO2 efficiency through reducing the overall number of kilometers travelled, avoiding wasted journeys, and switching to greener transport options(Unilever).” They are making efforts to, “establish the most efficient routes(Unilever),” while simultaneously focusing on, “how we load each lorry, making sure we use the maximum space available and weight allowed(Unilever).” These decisions surely have a substantial impact on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions as Unilever ships Dove Beauty Bar’s from their factories to retail stores. When the situation allows for it Unilever has also stated that they, “switch from road journeys to rail and sea freight(Unilever),” which results in lower carbon dioxide emissions overall. Unilever will continue its mission to reduce carbon emissions when transporting their Dove Beauty Bar, but the reduction of waste does not solely fall on the producer of the good, but the consumer as well. The consumer of a Dove Beauty Bar plays a role in the mitigation of waste. The first major way in which the consumer contributes to the mitigation is by the means of how they use the product. The average consumer is going to use the Dove Beauty Bar in a shower, a bath, or while washing one’s hands. All three of these methods will have the same destination for the waste water as it goes down the drain in one’s home which is either a septic tank or more commonly a wastewater and sewage treatment plant(Melin). With the focus being on the more common treatment plant the water will first, “go through a primary or mechanical treatment where 60% of suspended solids are removed(Melin).” After the initial step the wastewater goes on to, “a secondary treatment where aerobic bacteria breaks down the soap, detergent…(Melin).” For the final step in the process, “the water goes through a tertiary treatment where it is filtered and disinfected so it can be released back into the environment(Melin).” The Dove Beauty Bar remnants within the water such as sodium tallowate will be broken down by aerobic bacteria in the second phase of the process. With the use of water treatment facilities there is not any major pollutants caused by the Dove Beauty Bar that end up making their way through the entire process which would pose a threat on the environment. However, a study was done to investigate the carbon footprint of waste water treatment facilities and was able to find that they contribute to, “0.45% or the yearly average per capita CO2e emission in Europe (Parravicini, Vanessa, et al).” Although it’s not a substantial number in comparison to what other sector’s carbon footprints are, it is wise to note that waste water treatment plants do in fact contribute to pollution and carbon emissions. The longer one chooses to run water while using Dove Beauty Bar, the greater the amount of waste water the factories will have to process, thus contributing more to overall carbon emissions. The Dove Beauty Bar makes no claims to be completely biodegradable so its advised to not use this product in a natural environment such as a lake or river. One example of a detrimental effect of using a soap in a natural body of water is that, “Lower surface tension of water reduces the oxygen level in the water, causing harm to fish and other aquatic wildlife (Martinko).” The consumer has a role to play in where they use the product as well as how long they use water to aid in their cleansing routine. Another interesting aspect the consumer aids in is the reception of the packaging and how to discard it. The Dove Beauty Bar comes in a small white cardboard box which is recyclable. Having a cardboard box as an option to recycle while being so small is a much better product to deal with than the liquid version of this product which comes in a large plastic bottle. Should the consumer choose to recycle the small cardboard box that the product comes in they would be contributing in waste and pollutions prevention. According to waste management, “Recycling one ton of cardboard saves 390 kWh of energy, saves 1.1 barrels (46 gallons) of oil, and saves 6.6 million Btu’s of energy (Waste Management).” Although the cardboard boxes that encompass the beauty bar is small, every effort towards recycling counts. This is especially true for a household product such as this one. Once the cardboard box is sent to a recycling facility, “the cardboard is baled and sent to a mill, shredded into small pieces, and put into a pulping machine to introduce water/chemicals and break down the cardboard into fibers, rolled and dried, then sent off to make new products(Earth911).” The cardboard packaging of a Dove Beauty Bar can and will be used in future products if the consumer chooses to recycle the packaging. The packaging used is the least detrimental waste factor for this product, but the acquisition of the raw ingredients used in the product contains the most harmful waste and emissions potential. A Dove Beauty Bar contains thirteen ingredients in total. Of the thirteen two are of the upmost importance when speaking of waste and emissions. One of the ingredients is sodium palm kernelate and the other is sodium tallowate. Sodium palm kernelate is the product of the process in which sodium hydroxide is synthesized with palm kernel oil (Tomsofmaine).” Unilever does not state where they source their palm kernelate, but deforestation is a major problem with the ever-increasing demand of the African oil palm tree. Palm plantations are sprouting up at alarming rates across South East Asia, but in order to do so rainforests need to make way. With the destruction of rainforests comes an increase in CO2 emissions and hinder the rainforest’s ability to maintain water recourses (Scientific American).” Although it’s unclear to know exactly how much Dove is contributing to this problem, by having this ingredient there is no workaround in the damages being done. Another harmful product is the use of sodium tallowate in the soap bar. Sodium tallowate is, “fat derived from the fatty tissue of sheep or cattle, sodium, magnesium, and potassium tallowate are the salts of the tallow’s fatty acids (Australian Soap Blog).” By using this product as one of their main ingredients, Dove is contributing to the livestock production crises which, “The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimating that livestock production accounts for about 14.5 percent of all human-caused emissions, or about 7.1 gigatons of carbon dioxide or its warming equivalent (Inside Climate News).” Since Dove is a massive company it’s safe to assume that they most likely receive shipments of animal fat from giant factory farms. The use of sodium tallowate and sodium palm kernelate in Dove Soap is detrimental to the environment currently and will only get exponentially worse over the years. The waste portion of the life cycle analysis of The Dove Beauty Bar answers a lot of questions but seems to only entice more questions to be asked. This is mainly due to Dove not having more specific information readily available online or per request to do a more well-rounded analysis. The consumer has a role to play in how the life cycle pans out by deciding how much water to use or whether or not to recycle the cardboard packaging. Unilever currently has plans to reduce CO2 emissions in its production of products as well as being carbon positive by 2030. Since 2010 Unilever has improved 31% in the rate in which its releasing CO2 by means of transportation. Despite these positives, since Dove uses sodium palm kernelate and sodium tallowate as ingredients, there is a certain threshold of waste and emissions that will always be negatively contributing to environmental problems. This portion of the life cycle analysis of Dove Beauty Bar was beneficial but further research should be done if more specific information to the product becomes readily available. Works Cited “U.S.: Most Used Bar Soap Brands 2018 | Statistic.” Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/275244/us-households-most-used-brands-of-bar-soap/. “Greenhouse Gases.” Unilever Global Company Website, www.unilever.com/sustainable- living/reducing-environmental-impact/greenhouse-gases/. “Carbon Pollution from Transportation.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 17 July 2017, www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/carbon-pollution-transportation. “Reducing Transport Emissions.” Unilever Global Company Website, www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/reducing-environmental-impact/greenhouse-gases/reducing-transport-emissions/. Parravicini, Vanessa, et al. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Energy Procedia, vol. 97, 2016, pp. 246–253., doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.067. Martinko, Katherine. “Never, Ever Use Soap in a Lake.” TreeHugger, Treehugger, 11 Oct. 2018, www.treehugger.com/clean-water/never-ever-use-soap-lake.html. “Recycling Facts & Tips.” Company Profile | Waste Management, www.wm.com/location/california/ventura-county/west-hills/recycle/facts.jsp. “How to Recycle Cardboard.” Earth911.Com, earth911.com/recycling-guide/how-to-recycle- cardboard/. “Sodium Palm Kernelate.” Home, www.tomsofmaine.com/our-promise/ingredients/sodium- palm-kernelate. “Is Harvesting Palm Oil Destroying the Rainforests?” Scientific American, www.scientificamerican.com/article/harvesting-palm-oil-and-rainforests/. Australia, Simple Scents. “Learn About Sodium Tallowate Before Using It On Your Skin.” Australian Natural Soap Blog, 13 Sept. 2016, australiansoapblog.wordpress.com/2016/09/15/learn-about-sodium-tallowate-before-using-it-on-your-skin/. Gustin, Georgina, et al. “Factory Farms Put Climate at Risk, Experts Tell World Health Officials.” InsideClimate News, InsideClimate News, 22 Mar. 2018, insideclimatenews.org/news/22052017/factory-farms-cafos-threaten-climate-change-world-heath-organization. “Glycerin Soap & Glycerin.” ChagrinValleySoapAndSalve.com, www.chagrinvalleysoapandsalve.com/blog/posts/glycerin-soap-glycerin/. “Chemistry of Soaps and Detergents:Various Types of Commercial Products and Their Ingredients”, MARCEL FRIEDMAN, PhD. Elsevier Scince Inc. 1996, https://www.cidjournal.com/article/0738-081X(95)00102-L/pdf “Dove Ingredients Explained.” Alabu Skin Care, http://www.alabu.com/dove-ingredients/ Soap” How Products are Made, http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soap.html http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electric-kettle daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544063810343-2G3RNU2E4LBIYQ5PWD2W/des+40+electric+kettle+poster.png Electric Kettle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vans-old-skool daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544064978061-T2SYHX67HR9M166ED6AH/Vans+Cycle+DES+40A+Poster.jpg Vans Old Skool Canvas Shoes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hydroflask-life-cycle daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544065744198-5AEHXP8P4UYAPFHIL06O/HydroFlask+Lifecycle-page-001.jpg HydroFlask http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rubiks-cube daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544073392828-F4KHWB4NQZBHEE28L4FE/DES40_Poster.jpeg Rubik's Cube http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plasticcutlery daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544074336294-NRYQOJ37IFF5XMIBVGZE/FINAL+POSTER_plastuccutlery1%21.png Plastic Cutlery http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rfid-tag daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544093262285-4F7ZQL6YKCSVPF3EG197/Poster%2C+Luca+Vallesi%2C+Charles+Ringham%2C+Nicolas+Rivera RFID Tag http://www.designlife-cycle.com/usbflashdrive daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544074983489-U3JOSRZIMWHQU46DGHFT/IMG_5032.jpeg USB Flash Drive Samuel Lee DES 40A Professor Cogdell 12/6/18 Materials Question: Why does a device as simple as a USB flash drive require the acquisition of such complicated materials in order to start the production process? USB flash drives are ubiquitous in the technological sector. It is one of the simplest ways to transfer data from one electronic device to another. USB flash drives to the naked eye look every simple; however, this is just not the case. In order to a create a USB, one must acquire complicated materials to start and complete the production process. This essay will talk about the primary and secondary materials needed to complete the production process. Generally, there are six parts to a USB flash drive: Board, NAND flash memory storage chip, controller chip, capacitor, crystal oscillator, and the case. The biggest part of a USB drive is the board. While it is one of the simplest parts of a USB, it requires the acquisition of hard to find materials. A board is made out of an insulator, contacts, and a shell. The first step in its cycle is to gain the materials which are liquid crystal polymer, copper alloy, and stainless steel. Liquid crystals can be found everywhere. The majority of them can be found in pegmatites which are veins formed from the liquids in the formation of granites. Copper alloys alone are not found under the Earth. One needs to first obtain copper then metal to create the alloy. Copper is found in distorted cubic crystal chunks. The ore has to first be mined then extracted to get the copper. Most common places to find Copper in the United States are the major mines in Arizona, Michigan, New Mexico, and Montana. Similar to copper alloys, stainless steel alone will not be found under Earth. Stainless steels are made out of iron ore, chromium, silicon, nickel, carbon, nitrogen, and manganese. Iron ores are found in the Earth’s crust. Chromium can be found in chromite ores which are produced in South Africa, India, Russia, and Turkey. Silicon is found in sand. Nickel can be found in the Earth’s crust. Carbon is abundant on Earth and can be found in water, rocks, magnesium, iron, and even our atmosphere. Nitrogen is found in all living organisms on Earth; however, it is also present in our soil, water, and air. Manganese is an abundant metal that can be found in the soil. Once the necessary materials have been obtained, manufacturers structure the exoskeleton of the USB. While Silicon is the most common element on Earth after oxygen, the production process of a flash memory drive is complex. A flash memory storage chip is made out silicon. Silicon can be obtained from sand. The sand must be melted and polished to yield silicon. Once the silicon has been obtained, the silicon is made into single crystal cylinders that are six to eight inches. The cylinders are then integrated with various circuit parts with the aid of computers. Once the cylinders are integrated with the circuit parts, the circuits are layered with glass by exposing the silicon to temperatures of 900 degrees for an hour or longer. The finished memory storage chip is then integrated with the USB’s exoskeleton. Controller chips are mostly made out of copper; however, the other materials required to finish the production process make it hard to make them. A controller chip is generally made up of copper, tin, and fiberglass. Copper is found in distorted cubic crystal chunks. The ore has to first be mined then extracted to get the copper. Most common places to find Copper in the United States are the major mines in Arizona, Michigan, New Mexico, and Montana. Tin can be found in cassiterite ores, which can be found in Bolivia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Nigeria. Fiberglass can be obtained from glass which can be made from sand. Fiberglass is made out of glass that is made out of extremely thin strands. Most of the time Fiberglass can be bought from companies or even made with a fiberglass kit. Once the required materials have been obtained, the base is created with fiberglass sheets. The sheets are then stacked on one another with epoxy until they are thick enough to support the board. Then copper sheets are applied to both sides of the base. Once all the boards are applied with copper, the boards are once again coated with copper and tin. Lastly the controller chip is integrated with the circuits inside a USB. Producing capacitors is an arduous task because the metals required to make it aren’t found alone in nature; instead, the metals have to be processed and combined to form new compounds. Capacitors are made out of conductive materials such as aluminum, tantalum, silver, and other metals. Aluminum is considered as the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust; however, the metal cannot be found alone. Manufactured aluminum is the combination of other elements to form compounds. Aluminum is mostly made from the combination of potassium aluminum sulfate and aluminum oxide. Tantalum is found in the material columbite-tantalite. Tantalum can be extracted from mines in Australia, Canada, and Brazil. Silver is found all around the world. Silver can be found in mines that are located in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, and China. Once the required materials have been obtained, two metal plates are placed parallel closely to each other. The plates are close, but they never touch. The plates are then connected to a terminal wire, which is what connects the capacitor to the rest of the circuit of a USB. The two metal plates are placed closely together with a dielectric. Crystal oscillators are very complex machines; however, it is pretty easy to make one as the materials needed are quite abundant and easily obtainable. A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator that utilizes a crystal to create an electric signal with high-precision frequency. Quartz is made out of saturated solutions or when silicon bonds with oxygen from magma. Crystalline silica can be found in the earth’s crust. Sand, stone, and concrete are some of the materials that contain silica. Oxygen is abundant; you can basically find it everywhere. Once the required materials have been obtained, the crystal is used as a resonator to create a constant frequency. The case is no doubt the simplest part of a USB; however, because USBs aren’t created equal, the materials needed vary greatly. The case of a usb is generally made out of acrylonitrile, butediene, and styrene which is mostly polystyrene. Acrylonitrile is an organic material that can be found in the earth’s atmosphere. It occasionally decomposes when reacting with oxygen and hydroxyl. Acrylonitrile is important to the manufacture of plastics that are useful. Butadiene is a chemical that is produced when processing petroleum. It is mainly used in the production of synthetic rubber. Styrene is another chemical that is used when producing plastics. Styrene is harmful to humans when exposed. Both Butadiene and Styrene are created as byproducts of other production processes. The chemicals are used in the creation of the unique shape that USB drives have. The common trend when obtaining the materials needed to create a USB is that the primary and secondary materials aren’t simple. Some of these materials require multiple materials to create that particular material. For example, copper alloy alone cannot be obtained; it is the combination of copper and different metals. Regardless, the production process to create a USB flash drive is a complicated one. Capacitors, learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/all. Error, www.premiumusb.com/blog/hows-a-usb-flash-drive-mad. “How Do Capacitors Work?” Explain That Stuff, 30 Mar. 2018, www.explainthatstuff.com/capacitors.html. “INSIDE A FLASH DRIVE.” How USB Flash Drive Works?, 4 Nov. 2011, howflashdriveworks.wordpress.com/what-is-a-flash-drive/. “Quartz Crystal Oscillator and Quartz Crystals.” Basic Electronics Tutorials, 21 Feb. 2018, www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html. “US6733329B2 - USB Flash Drive.” Google Patents, Google, patents.google.com/patent/US6733329B2/en. “USD610156S1 - USB Flash Drive.” Google Patents, Google, patents.google.com/patent/USD610156S1/en. “What Are the Different Types of USB Cables? | Samsung Support UK.” Samsung Uk, www.samsung.com/uk/support/mobile-devices/what-are-the-different-types-of-usb-ca “What Is a Crystal Oscillator? - Definition from Techopedia.” Techopedia.com, www.techopedia.com/definition/2245/crystal-oscillator. “What's Inside A USB Drive?” Premium USB, www.premiumusb.com/blog/whats-inside-a-usb-drive. Jared Husing DES 40A Professor Cogdell 6 December 2018 Embodied Energy of a USB Flash Drive A person has a research paper to type in collaboration with two other students. They currently use a collaborative feature on a word processing program that enables all members of the party to edit the same page at the same time. This is at least an example of the complex and technologically advanced civilization we are today. But what about 10 years ago? A time when computers were much larger than what we in 2018 utilize. During this time, in order for people to work with each other on the same document or file, they had to use a universal serial bus, or what is commonly known today as a USB flash drive. Fast forward to today, and people still largely use USB drives despite changes such as collaborative capabilities of word processors and cloud saving over the internet. USB drives, given their size and efficiency, still remain predominant. As this media of external storage is produced and is utilized daily by many people whether they need it for an managerial meeting with colleagues or they want to share game files with a friend, the drive has a particular amount of energy put into it and that it uses every time that it is plugged in. However, in today’s world with so many different ways to store, share and transfer files, what justifies the continued use of USB drives? Well, the general use of a standard USB flash drive justifies the device’s embodied energy through its life cycle because it is efficient in energy consumption, effective in storing information and files, and reliable for a person to utilize for many years before the device has reached the end of its life cycle. The first step in manufacturing a USB flash drive is acquiring the necessary materials in order to begin the production process. The main component of all devices that use electricity or that is high-tech is silicon (Gray, Making Silicon from Sand). Industrial acquisition of silicon involves the gathering of silica rich sand, clay and dirt. These basic contents that one could literally find on the ground anywhere near them doesn’t require too much energy because they are rather easily obtainable. The sands and dirt are then mixed together for industrial conversion to silicon. “Industrially, silica is converted to pure silicon by heating it with coke (a form of coal, not the drink) in a furnace” (Gray). The furnace melting process takes a varied amount of energy depending on how much silica is being melted down. Usually, the industrial furnaces use coal to heat, which has a thermal energy content of 6,150 kWh/ton (or kilowatts an hour per ton) (How Stuff Works, How Much Coal is Required to Run a Light Bulb). Aluminum, which is for the further conducting of electricity in the final product, needs to be mined from the Earth, something of which takes more energy than just melting down sand and dirt. Aluminum is found primarily in bauxite which is fairly common and found near Earth’s surface. Once bauxite or another aluminum-rich ore have been prospected, then bulldozers clear the land and dynamite is used to loosen the ground and bring the ore to the surface (Harris, How Aluminum Works). It’s difficult to find out how much energy is used by the bulldozers during the total length of the process, but a single bulldozer operating at 100% engine load uses about 1864 Kw (kilowatts) to 2722 kW at any given time depending on the engine size and what model the bulldozer is (Klanfar, Korman, Kujundzic, Fuel Consumption and Engine Load Factors of Equipment in Quarrying). Dynamite, on the other hand, is used for displacing the ground and has an energy content of 2,723 Joules per gram (Muller, Energy and Power). As dynamite is used more by the pounds (lb.) in industrial mining, a pound of dynamite has about 1,235,152 Joules. As the bauxite has been obtained, it’s then mixed with other compounds and heated under pressure in the Bayer Process to create alumina and further aluminum (Harris). Copper is either mined from underground or from open pit mining (Calcutt, Copper: Mining and Extraction). The copper ores, of which are abundant in Earth’s surface, are mined and then pulverized to begin removing copper concentrates. The concentrates are then put into a smelter to remove impurities. Again, a smelter or industrial furnace use coal to heat the contents. Stainless steel is also a key component of the USB drive. In order to obtain industrially, steel must be melted with chromium, silicon, nickel, carbon, nitrogen and manganese in an electric furnace for about 8 to 12 hours of intense heat (How Products are Made, Stainless Steel). As steel melts around 2500°F (1370°C) (Kross, What’s the Melting Point of Steel), there would need to be a very high and consistent electrical input. However, I was not able to find a particular measurement of the electrical requirement. Now melted, the steel alloy is now cast into a solid form and sold to the USB manufacturer. Quartz is the last major raw material for building the components of a USB drive. Found commonly in a very large deposit in Arkansas and several other places around the globe, the mineral is mined in open pit mines. Primarily bulldozers and backhoes (a piece of mining equipment with a tractor and loading bucket) are used to remove dirt and clay to reveal a vein of quartz, but sometimes dynamite or TNT is used (McKenzie, How is Quartz Extracted?). This process is similar to the mining of that of aluminum meaning the energy used to extract quarts is very similar to that of the aluminum mining process. Once all the essential raw materials are acquired, the production process for a USB flash drive can begin. Now that the necessary primary raw materials have been processed, now is time for them to be manufactured into basic components in order to build the final product of a USB drive. The silicon is essentially the primary component of most of all the pieces. The silicon is then cut into super thin layers known as wafers and are then polished through a process called photolithography, where a layer of photoresist is placed on the wafer and then exposed to a UV light mask shaped in the pattern of the microprocessor’s circuits (McKane, How a Computer Chip is Created). A process called ‘doping’ then takes place which is where the photoresist is washed off and the wafer is ‘hit’ with ions to alter the conductive properties of the wafer (McKane). The wafer is now fabricated with other metals such as aluminum and copper for energy conducting. The wafer is then cut into ‘dies’ which are then used in the flash drives components. An example of the parts that this makes up is the USB mass storage controller and the NAND flash drive (Boyd, Life-Cycle Assessment of NAND Flash Memory). Specifics on how much energy is required for this process was not found. The standard USB plug is made of aluminum, as it’s the male part that plugs into computers and other devices. I couldn’t find exactly how this process is accomplished, so I’m having to assume the manufacturer melts down the aluminum and molds it into the standard USB plugs. The capacitor is the electrical component of the USB flash drive. As the flash drive doesn’t have its own power source, it has power input to it from the computer or device itself. It works by taking in energy, storing it, and then sending it in a rapid discharge along the circuitry of the device. A capacitor is made of conductive materials such as aluminum and other metals (Jimbo, Capacitors). Through research, I couldn’t find information regarding how much energy is used in creating capacitors but only what it takes to build a capacitor. As the idea is fairly simple and cheap, my assumption is that capacitors are massed produced and don’t require too much energy to build. Next is the crystal oscillator. This component is made simply out of a silica-quartz crystal. The quartz, once mined, is refined to where it is eventually small enough to be used in electronic devices and their components. The crystal oscillator is used to create a precise frequency for the USBs energy whenever it’s plugged in and allows the data transfer between the USB and the connected device (Quartz Crystal Oscillator). Unfortunately, information on the energy of this production process was not found, but I’m assuming that since the crystal oscillator is just a miniscule, silica-rich quartz crystal, then the energy used can’t be too much because the raw quartz just has to be refined and minimized from its true raw form. Lastly in the production process is the outer casing for the interior components once they are all together. The cases are commonly plastic or metal. If it’s metal, it’s usually made out of aluminum. However, if it’s plastic then there are several materials that could be used. Common plastics used are acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. Acrylonitrile is an organic compound that can be taken from the atmosphere and made out of ammonia and propylene (Boustead, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene). Butadiene and styrene are chemical byproducts from processing petroleum, meaning that the energy required for these processes isn’t much (Boustead). Together, these individual components made from the raw materials can now be pieced together, and the manufacturing company now has themselves a new shipment of USBs ready to be sent around the world for consumers to buy. As so many different companies produce USB flash drives, it’s difficult to determine the exact path a USB may take, but nonetheless, the newly manufactured USB drives begin a multi-step shipping process that take it to the marketed destinations. For the instance of this research, I’m just going to find the average fuel efficiency of the most common transportation methods across the globe. Of these methods involves that of trucks, ships and boats, and airplanes (cargo). Heavy duty and medium duty trucks, of which include “tractor-trailers (semi-trucks), buses, package delivery vans and other large trucks, are among the least efficient and most heavily used vehicles on the road.” (Cuttino, New Fuel Efficiency Standard Set for ‘Big Rigs’ and More). These land-based transportation units travel an average of 120,000 miles annually and get about 6 miles per gallon (Cuttino). In the United States, ‘big rigs’ consume 37 billion gallons of fuel every year (Cuttino). Today, many semi-trucks use diesel engines such that of the Detroit Diesel DD15 14.8-liter incline six-cylinder engine (Berg, 10 Things You Never Knew About 18-Wheelers). The “energy density of diesel fuel ranges from 32 to 40 megajoules per liter (MJ/L) (Nektalova, Energy Density of Diesel Fuel). The estimated total energy output is roughly 532.8 megajoules per tank of diesel for a semi-truck. Maritime shipping is the world’s largest and mostly used means of shipping overseas and other waterways. “To cope with speed requirements, the propulsion and engine technology has improved from sailing to steam, to diesel, and to gas turbines” (Rodrigue, The Geography of Transport Systems). The movement to these types of energy sources for propulsion was to improve the efficiency of power output and cut costs for the waterway shipping companies. A cargo ship while operating at normal levels operates from about 20-25 knots (1 knot = 1 marine mile) which equates to 37-46.3 kilometers per hour (km/h) (Rodrigue). As there are many different sizes of cargo ships, finding an average volume of diesel fuel wouldn’t be accurate but we know that diesel fuel has from 32 to 40 MJ/L. Air transportation has been growing exponentially ever since the Wright Brothers’ maiden flight in 1903. Over the past 100 years, advances in aeronautics brought a massive increase of consumerism across the world and in more recent years, the USB flash drives. There are three types of airplanes that are used both for shipping and passenger use. Short-range aircrafts have small capacities and travel the implied short distances. Medium-range aircrafts, which are the most common, operate within a continent with a range of about 5,000 kilometers. Lastly, long-range aircrafts cross oceans and operate intercontinentally with a range of about 14,000 kilometers (Rodrigue). All the aircrafts use aviation fuel as their energy source which has a standardized energy density of 43 to 48 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) (Gofman, Energy Density of Aviation Fuel). Using a long-range plane, a Boeing 737-300 for example, has a standard fuel capacity of 2.0104x10^4 liters (Eller, Energy and Power of Flying). The USB flash drives take a number of different combinations of these transportation systems. Once the device is present at retailers across the world, the flash drive is then displayed for sale and consumers can now purchase the product to suit their needs. Now that the USB drive is in a consumer’s hands, they can enjoy the functionality of the flash drive until either the storage capacity reaches its limit, the device simply becomes too old and wears down, or it breaks. Every consumer of a USB flash drive has different living environments and also use the device in different amounts while in their possession. USB drives are estimated to last about 10,000 to 100,000 write or erase cycles depending on the memory technology used (Life Expectancy of a USB Flash Drive). It’s estimated that frequent use of a USB is about 10,000 times within 10 years. In fact, because USB flash drives are so new in terms of how long the technology has been around, most USB drives are still accessible as the memory chips (NAND flash drives) haven’t yet been rendered obsolete due to just time and oxidation of the material (Premium USB, How Long Can USB Drives Last?). Each time the USB is plugged into a computer or other device, the USB uses a certain amount of power, as the USB doesn’t have its own power source. Trials have shown that “power consumption increases when a flash drive is plugged into a laptop” by several watts (Magnes, Power Consumption of Flash Drives), but the change in energy usage by the laptop is insignificant compared to the usage of the flash drive and being able to move and save files for the lifetime of the USB device. In fact, USB marketers and companies market and sell the flash drive based on memory and conventional use instead of energy efficiency (Magnes). Once the USB flash drive has become unwanted, breaks, or becomes obsolete, the device has finally reached the end of its life, so now is time for the device to be recycled back into something else. The USB flash drive can now be dissected into its original components in order to allow the cheaper production of new electrical devices or appliances. USBs could eventually make their way to an electronic recycling plant; however, little is out there on the specifics of recycling a USB drive. As I’ve stated before, flash drives are fairly new to the world of technology and most are still in use while not many have deteriorated to the point of recycling the individual parts. I’m having to assume that USBs can be disassembled and can send the standard USB plug, capacitor, and case (metal or plastic) to be used with other products such as in the production of other USB drives. Some companies, such as Recycle USB, take donated, unused or unwanted USBs and make them into learning tools for children 5-12 years of age (Recycle USB, Recycle Your Flash Drives for a Good Cause). In this instance, the USB is simply wiped of its containing files of which are then replaced with a standalone computer system for teaching (Recycle USB, Recycle Your Flash Drives for a Good Cause), not necessarily dissected to be recycled into something else. As such little is known, I cannot make an estimate of how much energy is relied on for this part of the life cycle process. The general use of a standard USB drive justifies the device’s embodied energy through its life cycle because it is efficient in energy consumption, effective in storing information and files, and reliable for a person to utilize for many years before the device has reached the end of its life. Throughout its time as a functional piece of hardware, a USB flash drive offers an effective way of transferring and saving files from your computer without the need for internet in order to do so. The total energy put into the USB from the mining of the primary raw materials, to the production of the flash drive, to the shipping, usage and eventually the recycling of the device cannot fully be calculated due to insufficient information available to the public, but I’m assuming that the embodied energy of the device is enough to justify the continued use of USB flash drives despite today’s onset of cloud saving over the internet. Word Count: 2808 Works Cited: Berg, Phil. “10 Things You Never Knew About Semitrucks.” Popular Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, 28 Nov. 2018, www.popularmechanics.com/cars/trucks/g116/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-semi-trucks/. Boustead, I. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) . PlasticsEurope, 2005, pp. 1–14, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) . Boyd, Sarah, et al. “Life-Cycle Assessment of NAND Flash Memory.” IEEE Xplore Digital Library, 14 Oct. 2010. Bynum, John. “Why USB Flash Drives Are Still Relevant.” MediaFast, 27 Jan. 2018, www.mediafast.com/why-usb-flash-drives-are-still-relevant/. Calcutt, Vin. “Introduction to Copper: Mining & Extraction.” Standards & Properties: Metallurgy of Copper-Base Alloys, NACE International, Aug. 2001, www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2001/08/intro_mae.html. Cunningham, Andrew. “A Brief History of USB, What It Replaced, and What Has Failed to Replace It.” Ars Technica, Ars Technica, 17 Aug. 2014, arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/08/a-brief-history-of-usb-what-it-replaced-and-what-has-failed-to-replace-it/. Cuttino, Phyllis. “New Fuel Efficiency Standard Set for 'Big Rigs' and More.” The Pew Charitable Trusts, 16 Aug. 2016, www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2016/08/16/new-fuel-efficiency-standard-set-for-big-rigs-and-more. Eller, Andrea. “Energy and Power of Flying.” Stanford Coursework, Stanford University, 14 Nov. 2013, large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph240/eller1/. “Energy Use in Industry.” Factors Affecting Gasoline Prices - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy - Energy Information Administration, 23 July 2018, www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=us_energy_industry. Gofman, Evelyn. “Energy Density of Aviation Fuel.” E-World, 2003, hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/EvelynGofman.shtml. Gray, Theodore. “Making Silicon from Sand.” Popular Science, 17 Oct. 2005, www.popsci.com/diy/article/2005-10/making-silicon-sand. Harris, William. “How Aluminum Works.” HowStuffWorks Science, HowStuffWorks, 8 Mar. 2018, science.howstuffworks.com/aluminum2.htm. “How Long Can USB Drives Last?” Premium USB, 4 May 2017, www.premiumusb.com/blog/how-long-can-usb-drives-last. “How Much Coal Is Required to Run a 100-Watt Light Bulb 24 Hours a Day for a Year?” HowStuffWorks Science, HowStuffWorks, 3 Oct. 2000, science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/question481.htm. Jimbo. “Capacitors.” Capacitors, Sparkfun, learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/all. Klanfar, Mario, et al. “Fuel Consumption and Engine Load Factors of Equipment in Quarrying of Crushed Stone.” pp. 163–169., doi:DOI: 10.17559/TV-20141027115647. Kross, Brain. “What's the Melting Point of Steel?” It's Elemental - Isotopes of the Element Barium, education.jlab.org/qa/meltingpoint_01.html. “Life Expectancy of a USB Flash Drive.” Flashbay, www.flashbay.com/blog/usb-life-expectancy. Magnes. “Power Consumption of Flash Drives.” Real Archaeology, 27 Apr. 2011, pages.vassar.edu/ltt/?p=1029. McKane, Jamie. “How a Computer Chip Is Created – From Sand to CPU.” MyBroadband, MyBroadband, 15 Apr. 2017, mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/200748-how-a-computer-chip-is-created-from-sand-to-cpu.html. McKenzie, Eleanor. “How Is Quartz Extracted?” Sciencing.com, Sciencing, 24 Apr. 2017, sciencing.com/quartz-extracted-8700692.html. Muller. “Energy and Power and the Physics of Explosions.” The Physics of the World Trade Center Tragedy, muller.lbl.gov/teaching/Physics10/PffP_textbook_F08/PffP-01-energy-F08.htm. Nektalova, Tatyana. “Energy Density of Diesel Fuel.” E-World, 2008, hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/TatyanaNektalova.shtml. “Quartz Crystal Oscillator and Quartz Crystals.” Basic Electronics Tutorials, 21 Feb. 2018, www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html. “Recycle Your Flash Drives For A Good Cause.” RecycleUSB, www.recycleusb.com/. Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, et al. The Geography of Transport Systems. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. “US Chemical Profile: Acrylonitrile.” Trusted Market Intelligence for the Global Chemical, Energy and Fertilizer Industries, ICIS, 4 Sept. 2011, www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2011/09/05/9489888/us-chemical-profile-acrylonitrile/. “What's Inside A USB Drive?” Premium USB, www.premiumusb.com/blog/whats-inside-a-usb-drive. Adam Castro Professor Cogdell DES040A 06 December 2018 Emissions and Waste of USB Flash Drives Flash drives have become the most widely used, reliable form of external data storage. During the 1990s NAND flash memory prices dropped and USB had become a common standard for connecting devices to PCs. This gave way for the rise of a new data storage alternative, one that can be conveniently taken anywhere and transfer data between PCs. Then in late 2000, IBM became the first company to sell USB flash drives in the United States (Goldstein). The USB flash drive has not fundamentally changed in the past 18 years, and are still readily sold today. Even with modern data storage and transfer services (Airdrop, Dropbox, etc.) the USB flash drive is still commonly used. Although the waste created by flash drives contributes to an ever-growing amount of global e-waste, the production of flash drives leaves a small enough waste impact to justify its use and production. A standard USB flash drive has five main components. The board holds all of the internal components of the drive and includes the USB connector. The flash drive uses the board as a means of transferring power and data to and from the USB (Long). The NAND flash memory storage chip saves and stores the user’s data. The NAND chip connects to the main circuit board, which contains an insulator, contacts, and a shell. A crystal oscillator controls data output through a phase-locked loop, regulating the data storage. The controller chip is the brain of the flash drive (Goldstein). It retrieves information from the drive and records information onto the NAND flash memory storage chip. And finally, standard USB drives come in either a plastic or metal case (Goldstein). Because plastic cases are far more common, that will be the standard used in this research. These raw materials are acquired in the first stage of the USB flash drive’s life cycle. Acquisition and transportation of raw materials is the first stage in the flash drives life cycle. Unfortunately, there is little actual information about the specifics of a USB flash drives lifecycle. Also the company Sandisk details their corporate responsibility on their website, they give no real specifics on the lifecycle of their products. In fact, because USB flash drives are made by so many different companies, it is hard to pinpoint the exact process used to make every flash drive. Luckily, the main components of flash drives are shared through other computer accessories as well as computers themselves. The board is composed mainly of silicon. The production of sand into silicon takes about 10 gallons of water to produce and releases nitrogen oxides as a toxic byproduct (Henrik). The plastics used for an average USB flash drive case are made out of butadiene, acrylonitrile, and styrene. Styrene in particular can release harmful toxins during their extraction. And of course, CO2 emissions occur during the transportation of these raw materials to the manufacturing phase. After the transportation stage, the raw materials are then processed and manufactured to create a working flash drive During the manufacturing phase, the raw materials are processed and compiled to create the product for sale and distribution. The components of a flash drive, including the NAND flash memory chip, boards, plastic casing, and semiconductors, are typically manufactured in China, Singapore, and Malaysia. However, there are also plants in Japan, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. (Boyd). These components are then shipped and assembled primarily in China, Europe, and the US. The production phase of the flash drive holds the largest share of smog emissions from nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). The emissions from the fabrication of the silicon used to create the boards and NAND chips can also include CO2, N2O, methane, and PFCs (Boyd). During the production of a NAND flash memory storage chip, 12MJ/kWh is consumed during the fabrication process, and water consumed during the process is 1.76 L/kWh (Boyd). The polysilicon crystal used to make the board of the drive is particularly inefficient, as nearly 50% of the crystal is destroyed in the cutting process. As for energy consumption during this phase, it takes 1.5 kW of electricity for every square centimeter of the silicon wafer (Decker). The production of the plastic casing can result in CO2 and N2O emissions into the atmosphere, as well as the introduction of microplastics in nearby water supplies of plastic production plants (Verma 705). Once these components are processed and compiled to create a working flash drive, they are then sent off to distribution. Of course, the emissions created in the transportation and distribution phase are not insignificant. The competed flash drives are typically compiled in China, Singapore, and Malaysia, and are shipped to all corners of the world, primarily the U.S. and Europe. The transportation phase has the second largest smog emissions behind the production phase and generates seventeen to twenty-three percent of the nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emitted during the flash drives life cycle (Boyd). These toxic gases also include a fair amount of CO2 that is produced by the planes, boats, trains, and trucks used to ship and distribute the flash drives across the world and through the countries (Boyd). Once the drives are distributed, they are then sold and used by the consumers. Given the practical use of flash drives, many of them have a long lifespan of use and create minimal waste and emission during their working lives. During their working lives, USB flash drives only create waste in the form of energy consumption when plugged into a device. A flash drive has an idle power is 0.6W and an active power of 1.3W. With thirty percent active, seventy percent idle operation over a four-year lifespan on 8000 hours, a standard drive would use 6.4kWh, which is drastically lower than most built-in storage devices found on PCs and laptop (Boyd). Furthermore, the average NAND flash chip within the drive can withstand 100000 to 1 million erase cycles, so the lifetime is most commonly limited by external damage done to the drive, rather than hardware failure or obsolescence (Boyd). After the flash drives have lived out its usefulness, it is finally thrown away and enters the final stage in its life cycle, waste management. The waste created by a standard flash drive may be small individually but contributes to the world's ever-growing e-waste problem and plastic build up. Most electronic products that fall into the category of electronic waste, or e-waste, is disposed of improperly and end up in landfills, along with other household items. These landfilled electronics do not break down naturally and can pollute the surrounding land. In the case of flash drives, condensers release the contaminant polychlorinated biphenyls which has an annual global emission in e-waste of 208 tons (Robinson). Furthermore, the NAND chip has lead that can seem into the surrounding soil, plastics can release antimony toxins, and semiconductors release gallium toxins (Boyd). As for the electronics that are properly disposed of as e-waste, it is processed by the country that generated it or it is outsourced to developing countries. Out of the forty million metric tons of e-waste is produced globally a year, 13% of that weight is recycled by developing countries (McAllister). These developing countries hold informal recycling markets that process and disposed of the e-waste improperly. These countries include China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, and they handle 50-80% of this e-waste, often incinerating or dismantling the electronics (McAllister). This informal sector's recycling methods magnify health risks. Primary and secondary exposure to toxic metals occurs as a result of open-air burning to retrieve valuable components from electronics, such as gold traces (McAllister). Combustion from burning e-waste creates fine particulate matter, which is linked to pulmonary and cardiovascular disease (McAllister). Wind patterns in Southeast China disperse the toxic particles from open-air burning across the Pearl Delta Region, affecting a population of forty-five million people (McAllister). These particles can also enter the "Soil-crop-food pathway," one of the most significant ways toxins from heavy metals enter the human bloodstream (McAllister). The contaminants from e-waste can also enter aquatic systems from nearby dumpsites of processed and unprocessed e-waste. E-waste contaminants can also travel through the air through dust particles in wind or sandstorms (Robinson). The plastic casing of USB flash drives also adds to the massive amount of plastic waste generated by e-waste. Plastics incinerated in landfills are commonly incinerated, releasing toxic gases like dioxins, furans, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls into the atmosphere (Verma 701). The plastic fraction of e-waste can also contain traces of tin, lead, nickel, zinc and antimony concentrations less than 1000 mg/kh (Robinson). Not only do these gases contribute to climate change, but inhaling these contaminants increase the risk of heart disease, aggravate respiratory ailments, cause rashes, nausea, or headaches, and cause nervous system damage (Verma 701). The most effective way to eliminate these dangerous toxins is by complete incineration. With complete combustion, almost 90% of plastic material is reduced to carbonic acid, CO2, and water (Verma 705). Mismanaged plastic waste often finds its way to the ocean, where it can be consumed by fish or other wildlife, seriously reducing their life expectancies (Verma 705). Despite the number of toxins a USB flash drive can emit after it lived out its usefulness, the USB flash drives lifespan is long and inconsequential enough to justify the waste and emissions it causes. Because of the sheer amount of times a flash drive can be reused by wiping its data and re-uploading new files, users are more likely to keep a flash drive until it dies and less likely to throw it out before it reaches the end of its usefulness. Furthermore, because USB flash drives hold important data, a user would be unlikely to throw out flash drives they don't even use in fear of losing irreplaceable files. Plus, although the global e-waste build-up has many devastating effects on the environment, USB flash drives take up a very small amount of the e-waste load. The waste created by a single flash drive is fairly insignificant in the tremendous e-waste crisis, and their usefulness combined with their long life makes the justifies the waste it produces throughout its life cycle. Works Cited Boyd, A. Horvath and D. Dornfeld, "Life-Cycle Assessment of NAND Flash Memory," in IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 117-124, Feb. 2011. Decker, Kris De. “The Monster Footprint of Digital Technology.” LOW-TECH MAGAZINE, 2009, www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/06/embodied-energy-of-digital-technology.html. Goldstein, Phil. “What Is a Flash Drive: Your Answer for Simple File Transferring.” BizTech Magazine, 2 June 2017, biztechmagazine.com/article/2017/06/usb-flash-drive-made-file-transfers-simple-and-easy. Henrik Myrhaug, Edin & Tveit, Halvard & Eivind Kamfjord, Nils & Andersen, Johan & Grøvlen, Åslaug. (2012). NOx Emissions from Silicon Production. “INSIDE A FLASH DRIVE.” How USB Flash Drive Works?, 4 Nov. 2011, howflashdriveworks.wordpress.com/what-is-a-flash-drive/. Long, E., Kokke, S., Lundie, D., Shaw, N., Ijomah, W., & Kao, C. (2016). Technical solutions to improve global sustainable management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the EU and china. Journal of Remanufacturing, 6(1), 1-27. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13243-015-0023-6S. McAllister, Lucy. “The Human and Environmental Effects of E-Waste.” Population Reference Bureau, 4 Apr. 2013, www.prb.org/e-waste/. “Quartz Crystal Oscillator and Quartz Crystals.” Basic Electronics Tutorials, 21 Feb. 2018, www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html. Raynaud, Julie. Valuing Plastic : the Business Case for Measuring, Managing and Disclosing Plastic Use in the Consumer Goods Industry. Nairobi, Kenya : UNEP, 2014 Robinson, Brett. “E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts”, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 408, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 183-191, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.044. SanDisk. “Reducing Our Environmental Impact.” SanDisk - Environmental Responsibility, Western Digital Technologies, Inc., 2018, www.sandisk.com/about/corp-responsibility/environmental-responsibility. “What’s Inside A USB Drive?” Premium USB, US Digital Media, 12 Jan. 2017, www.premiumusb.com/blog/whats-inside-a-usb-drive. Verma, Rinku. “Toxic Pollutants from Plastic Waste - A Review.” Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency, vol. 35, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 701–708. Yussup, N., Ibrahim, M. M., Lombigit, L., Rahman, N. A. A., and Zin, M. R. M. Implementation of data acquisition interface using on-board field-programmable gate array (FPGA) universal serial bus (USB) link. United States: N. p., 2014. Web. doi:10.1063/1.4866106. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/wine-bottle daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544077118357-IQWNHPW3QASSITLVJYN9/Poster.png Wine Bottle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544076405878-O9DSQRZ0XI1ZELKQFDPF/Poster.png Wine Bottle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/playing-cards daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544076869902-GDBK3S7SFKPYASRA9SPR/Playing+Cards+-+Poster.jpg Playing Cards http://www.designlife-cycle.com/washi-tape daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544077696480-6MB6L056R3A1BJ6RQ1HJ/IMG_9391.jpg Washi Tape http://www.designlife-cycle.com/candle daily 0.75 2019-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544078193052-MAHCB4XQJ4XS9UCTGFN9/DES40+POSTER+%281%29.jpg Candle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/duct-tape daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544079071501-SN4NLXDXX2NHBY2TJ8W3/40A_DuctTape_Poster.png Duct Tape http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lcd-televisions daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544079326961-33R4YDGY91YWGX3L0URV/Energy%2C+Materials%2C+%26+Design+Poster+-+LCD+TVs.jpg LCD Televisions http://www.designlife-cycle.com/myceliumpackaging daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544085283253-JUJZLISI0ZOTIOGQPTSG/LIFECYCLE+POSTER+%281%29.png Mycelium packaging http://www.designlife-cycle.com/echodot daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544086778719-VSK148KIK0C69T95L3QD/amazonEchoDot.jpg Amazon Echo Dot http://www.designlife-cycle.com/french-fries-life-cycle daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544088080241-27CPEHV7B4CY2TDUO1GP/French+Fries+Life+Cycle+Posterpng.png French Fries http://www.designlife-cycle.com/artificialturf daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544095369260-OPU4XXSHIR94M0RB1RRU/DES40+poster+final+copy.png Artificial Turf https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544095984285-NGLXYPVPAMY4A2419POF/DES40+poster+final+copy.png Artificial Turf http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hockey-rink daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544119147867-NG17VTSJ14868IGZJ01H/Ice+Rink+%281%29.jpg Hockey Ice Rink https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544118844818-8JR9VZKDFKIZ01N05FLC/Ice+Rink+%281%29.jpg Hockey Ice Rink Hockey Rink http://www.designlife-cycle.com/invisalign daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544099996463-JMEP22RQO0AKOXH4D74W/THISONE.jpg Invisalign https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544099379731-DURVGMKZ99E6PGFTBV3Q/Invisalign.jpg Invisalign http://www.designlife-cycle.com/claybricklifecycle daily 0.75 2018-12-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544110309163-TFXMAZSQJ25RS7SHC5BM/Brick+Poster+40A.jpg Clay Bricks Melinda, Chen Des40A Professor Cogdell 5 December 2018 Clay Bricks Raw Materials The production of bricks is a simple process which creates an ideal building material that generally lasts a long time. This process includes collecting raw clay minerals which is then mixed with water and fired. Bricks have an adaptable nature due to its flexible size, cheap production cost, and durability. The raw materials involved in the process of creating bricks often fluctuate from manufacturer to manufacturer depending on their needs and budget. For example, clay bricks made in more rural areas without access to machinery and extra minerals may choose to create a brick simply by mixing clay and water, while other large brick manufacturing companies may include additives such as barium carbonate to strengthen the brick. This allows for a lot of flexibility in the creation of bricks, making it one of the most common building materials. However, this flexibility also means that the raw materials and any additional chemicals that are chosen by different manufacturers will play a large role in the finished product. Therefore, it is important to understand which raw materials are used to create bricks and how these materials can maximize the efficiency of the brick production process. It is important to consider the durability, color, texture, strength, and absorption of each raw material that is used throughout the brick making process, as all of these variables will have an effect on how the final brick behaves and how efficient it is. Clay bricks are the oldest and most used building material that can be easily manufactured wherever suitable soil is found. Natural clay materials such as soil is used as it is cheap, environmentally friendly, and very accessible. The production phase starts with the raw material preparation, then forming, drying, firing, and lastly packaging and transportation. Examples of commonly used natural clay minerals in the raw material preparation phase includes kaolinite and shale. There is an abundance of natural mineral materials on this planet which can be used in various diverse industries to create products such as ceramics, cement, and bricks. Kaolin and Shale are two examples of clays that are commonly used in bricks. Kaolinite is a clay mineral material that is layered with silicate mineral and linked through oxygen atoms. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite that are commonly used in clay brick production are known are kaolin. Kaolinite is one of the most common minerals that are naturally found in areas such as Vietnam, Brazil, China, and the United States, and is also used in the paper and plastic industries. This rock is a flexible material that has a low shrink-swell capacity making it soft and malleable which is suitable for forming bricks. Kaolin is usually white and is often mixed with iron oxide which changes it to a rusty hue. Iron oxide can also be used in glazes to increase its fluidity and change the color. Shale is a sedimentary rock that accounts for 55% of all of the rocks on the earth. This clay is subjected to high pressures until they have hardened into slate. Shale is a clastic sedimentary rock that is often easily breakable into thin layers which makes it easy to mix with other materials. These rocks are often used because of their plasticity, which allows them to be shaped and molded when mixed with water. This speeds up the manufacturing process as it can easily be molded into the correct size and shape for building. Furthermore, when choosing a clay it is important to take into consideration its strength when it is air dried. For example, Kaolin will dry when exposed to air below 100 degrees Celsius and will end in a “bone dry” state. Therefore, kaolin and shale are appropriate clays because they have sufficient strength when air-dried and are able to maintain their shape after being molded and dried. The high melting temperatures of Kaolin and Shale also allows the bricks to be sturdy and able to withstand high temperatures. These raw clay materials can easily be stored to use for later production regardless of weather conditions. Kaolin and Shale are just two examples of the types of minerals that can be used to make bricks, and the different properties show how each mineral will affect the final outcome. The composition and type of raw materials chosen by the brick manufacturer can heavily affects the bricks properties, manufacturing process, and uses. A variety of these raw natural clay minerals are often mixed together in order to create the perfect chemical composition and physical properties needed for the brick. A high-quality brick is usually made from different clays that are blended together to achieve the maximum potential of the raw materials for brick production. The composition of the raw materials also affects how the bricks are manufactured. The manufacturing process includes adding water to the clay, forming it, drying, and firing. For example, depending on the raw materials, the amount of water added may need to be adjusted. Raw materials that have a higher water absorption rate may need less water in order to create a paste while some raw materials may need more water. Furthermore, the temperature of the firing kiln may also need to be adjusted for performance and efficiency depending on the raw material. Clay minerals such as kaolin have a very high melting temperature when used in brick creation and has to be fired in a kiln that is between 1,000 and 1,200 degrees centigrade. Other raw materials may have a lower melting temperature and may be able to be dried by simply laying it out in the sun. Therefore, it is important to consider the different ways that the composition of each raw material can affect the manufacturing process. A variety of chemicals and additives can also be used in addition to natural clay minerals for different purposes to alter the color, texture, or durability of bricks. Not all bricks contain the same raw materials, and a basic handmade clay brick can be as simple as adding water to natural clay minerals and letting It dry. However, it is common for larger manufacturers to add other minerals throughout the process to create sturdier and more aesthetic bricks. The addition of other chemicals and minerals can also increase the efficiency of the brick production process. For example, chemical elements such as manganese and barium are often blended with the clay to produce different shades of bricks, as natural minerals are often white or uncolored like kaolin. Manganese can be used to create darker shades such as black while barium can create blue-greens. These can also be mixed together with other additives such as Potash, which has a yellow-green hue, to create different color mixes for the bricks. Manganese is a chemical that can be ground from natural ore materials such as raw umber, and is an easily accessible and cost-efficient way to color bricks. Chemical additives can also be used to strengthen the brick and increase its durability. Barium carbonate is often added to improve the brick’s chemical resistance to different elements. It can also be used in clay bodies to control scumming by rendering sulfates insoluble, in order to keep the bricks clean and free of dirt. The impurities from the raw clay materials such as kaolin can cause glassy discoloration and precipitated white powdery scum, which can be removed with the use of Barium Carbonate. The Barium Carbonate reacts with the impurities and sulphates to precipitate the insoluble products and control efflorescence. It does this by reacting with the soluble salts in the raw clay materials that cause this discoloration and hinders them from moving up to the surface. Other minerals that are added to bricks include sodium, potassium, and calcium. These minerals melt to form a silicate liquid, allowing the bricks to be altered more quickly in order to form its shape. This also creates a glassy coat for the brick and aids in the hardening process. Sand can also be added to the mix to improve the strength of the brick and to reduce its melting temperature so that the brick is easier to work with. This shows how different chemicals and additives can affect the brick in different ways, and how flexible the production of bricks are. During the brick manufacturing process, coatings may also be applied to change and improve the texture or the surface of the brick. Glazes can help to create a smooth or sand-finished texture after forming the brick. This smooth texture is referred to as a die skin, which occurs as the clay passes through the steel die during the extrusion process. Finely ground clay or colorants may also be added throughout the manufacturing process to change the appearance. Clay slips and sand may be used in a glaze and fired onto the body of the brick during the manufacturing process to increase the hardness, or to create patterns throughout the brick. Glazes made of a slurry of clay and water may also be sprayed onto the brick to obtain different colors and to make the brick impermeable to water and water vapor. Finally, the finished bricks are secured together with mortar during the building process. Mortar is a binding agent that contains cement, sand, and water. Mortar is a workable paste that binds each individual brick together to form a wall. This paste is used in order to seal and fill the irregular gaps between the bricks to create a strong wall that serves as a base for building. The mortar can also be used to add colors or patterns in the walls. In conclusion, a variety of raw materials can be used in the production of bricks depending on the producers’ available materials, budget, and desire for quality. These raw materials often include natural clay minerals, which then have other chemicals or minerals added to it. These additional chemicals and additives can be used to strengthen, purify, or change the composition of the clay bricks to suit the manufacturers needs. This means that the process of brickmaking can range from a simple process involving few materials to a large scale manufactured process involving various chemicals and machines. Therefore, this shows how versatile brick making can be and can provide insight into why bricks are one of the most commonly used building materials around the world. Clay Bricks Bibliography “Brick.” How Products Are Made, www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Brick.html. “Production of Bricks from Waste Materials – A Review.” Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier, 10 June 2013, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061813004418. Lee, James A., and Thomas O. Mason. “Brick and Tile.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 June 2016, www.britannica.com/technology/brick-building-material. Brick, www.cement.org/cement-concrete-applications/paving/buildings-structures/concrete-homes/building-systems-for-every-need/brick. The History of Bricks, www.dehoopsteenwerwe.co.za/information03.html. Fennell, Natalie, and Laura Bilash. “Watch How Bricks Are Made - and See Why They're One of the Sturdiest Building Materials.” INSIDER, 10 May 2018, www.thisisinsider.com/how-bricks-are-made-2018-5. “Bricks of the Trade: Ibstock Shows Us How It's Made.” Professional Builder, 14 July 2016, probuildermag.co.uk/features/bricks-trade-ibstock-shows-us-made. “Making Bricks - Step by Step Manufacturing Bricks and Pavers.” Littlehampton Clay Bricks and Pavers, littlehamptonbrick.com.au/littlehampton-brick-about-us/making-bricks/. Rodriguez, Juan. “5 Types of Bricks: Applications and Advantages.” The Balance Small Business, www.thebalancesmb.com/bricks-types-uses-and-advantages-844819. Mustaq, Monamy. “Types of Bricks – Detail Classification of Bricks.” Civil Engineering, civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/191-types-of-bricks. Shane Cooney Des 40A - C. Cogdell Research Essay 12/05/18 Life-Cycle Analysis of the Total Embodied Energy in Natural Clay Bricks Naturally occurring clay is an abundant resource and is used in a myriad of building applications throughout the world. The earthen clay is extracted and manipulated to form long lasting, heat insulating, safe, and sturdy building blocks known as bricks. Given the 21st century’s global demand for affordable building resources, the construction industry is responsible for extracting nearly one quarter of the earth’s natural resources from the lithosphere -- demanding massive amounts of (non-renewable) energy and contributing equivocal amounts of toxic waste into the atmosphere. While natural clay bricks are an advantageous building resource and are inexpensive to produce, they require substantial amounts of energy to manufacture, process, and distribute, and are without energy efficient methods of reuse and recycling. Clay bricks are comprised of a variety of different naturally occurring clays. As research implies, given “the difference in processes employed for manufacturing and the difference in composition of clay from region to region, a large variation is obtained in embodied energy of bricks” (Kua, 191). Furthermore, the embodied energy reported by various sources covers a range of figures: results which ranged depending on the year, location, and methodology used by brick manufacturers. What is consistent across all of the studies considered in this report is that the firing and drying process of curing the clay consumes by far the most embodied energy (~85%), followed by material extraction (~10%), and finally transportation, distribution, and end of life cycle procedures (~5%) . Overall, the total embodied energy required for the cradle-to-grave cycle of 1 kg of bricks is ~2.89MJ. The first stage in the life cycle process of manufacturing clay bricks is material extraction. The initial acquisition process of removing bricks from the earth’s lithosphere requires heavy digging machinery powered by fossil-fuel based energy (diesel, petrol, and electricity). The size, average fuel consumption, and energy efficiency of these specific machines was not explicitly reported. In general, however, the digging machines operate off of diesel -- which emits a myriad toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrogen Oxide, to name a few. Furthermore, as mentioned above, this phase of production accounts for roughly 10% of the total embodied energy consumed. Once the clay has been extracted, it is transported to a processing site. Depending on the region, the transportation of the raw clay to production facilities averages roughly 25 km -- and is carried using vehicles which typically consume diesel. The size and fuel efficiency of these cargo trucks varies by region and was not explicitly documented in any of the relevant reports. Consider the diagram above (courtesy of the 2005 study by Christopher Koroneos and Aris Dompros) as a reference to these transportation figures. The second stage in the life-cycle of brick is processing and production. Once the raw material has been transported to the production facility, the clay is prepared to be molded and eventually baked, or fired, in a kiln. Before entering the kiln, the clay is mixed, smashed, and sifted: removing impurities so that the clay can be mixed with water. Once the water has been added, the wet clay is mixed and knead into a moldable paste, and is then cast into individual pieces; varying in size depending on the desired building application. These crushing and mixing processes are accomplished by diesel and electrically powered, industrial machinery. Next, the wet clay bricks are dried in a facility which derives heat from the exhaust of the kilns used for firing the bricks, which, if done properly, can improve energy efficiency. In some cases, the bricks are set to air-dry for several days before they enter the next phase of production, depending on the plant. Following the drying procedure, the shaped bricks are transferred into a kiln, or furnace, and are ‘fired’ at high temperatures (+900 degrees Celsius) for several hours. These furnaces typically operate on fossil-fuel based energy, such as coal or petrol-coke -- but can also be substituted with bio-fuels such as sawdust or diesel oil. All of these fuel sources emit high levels of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Since bricks require an incredibly high temperature to be fired, this phase is by far the most energy intensive and wasteful phase of the life cycle. A significant factor in the amount of energy required and waste emitted during the firing process is the inefficiencies of trapping and maintaining heat in the kilns and furnaces. In less advanced plants, kilns called ‘intermittent traditional kilns’ are employed -- which are significant contributors to harmful pollutants To understand the scale of the environmental and energy impact of these beginning procedures, considering the following statistic from a 2008 study: “the Asian brick making industry consumed about 110 million tons of coal and the diesel used for transportation produced approximately 180 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)” (Kua, 191). Importantly, these figures do not represent the total CO2 emissions of the entire process, merely those contributed by transportation. Once the bricks are fired and cooled they are considered to be ‘finished’ and ready for packaging. Depending on the plant, the packaging can be done by either human labor, or machinery. In the latter case, the equipment typically uses electricity as its fuel proponent. Next, the brick is loaded onto trucks via diesel-powered machinery, destined to either a distribution center -- where the brick is prepared to be sent to various locations, or is transported directly to the site of use (typically for building structures). The aforementioned destination of the packaged bricks depends on the plant and region. These factors are accounted for in the overall embodied energy: if the bricks are transported to a distribution center, it is accomplished by large, diesel powered trucks. In referencing the above table 3 on page, the distance between the manufacturing site and the distribution facility is 32.5 km: a distance which requires a significant amount of diesel (87.26 kWh diesel energy / 48 kg of Clay) to power the transport trucks. Regardless of where the bricks are eventually distributed, it can be assumed that this process was achieved by heavy-duty, diesel-operated vehicles. At this point in the life cycle analysis, the bricks have been fully processed and distributed and are ready for the next phase of being used in building applications. From this point forward, the plants which have extracted, processed, and distributed the bricks are left out of the equation. To consider and summarize the scale of energy required and the overall impact of brick production, consult the following data taken from a brick making plant in Greece: Using these figures, the average amount of individual bricks produced annually is equivalent to ~1.25 million units (totalling 7,387,200 kg). Consequently, these practices rely on three main types of energy: diesel, electricity, and pet-coke. Furthermore, to better understand the total embodied energy, the cradle-to-grave energy requirement in 1 kg clay bricks (in a Singapore study) equates to roughly 2.89 MJ -- which is equivalent to ~0.8 kWh. Once the finished bricks have been assumed by the builder, the bricks are assembled manually by hand. Clay bricks require mortar, which is essentially a cement which locks the bricks in place, to achieve their full potential as a weather, moisture, and flame resistant material. Throughout the reports surveyed for data collection, the use phase was not acutely documented: since the energy required in assembling bricks is measured by human-power, the overall embodied energy impact is insignificant when compared to other phases in the life cycle. Clay brick has a lifetime of 80-100 years, depending on the weather and application. Throughout their use, bricks require significantly little maintenance, which decreases the total embodied energy required during their life-cycle. However, as much as the energy required for maintaining bricks is low, the potential for recycling the brick is energy inefficient and lacking of proper infrastructure. The most common recycling practice of bricks is to ‘down-cycle’ by breaking the brick up into smaller pieces and employ it into the sub-base layers of roads or as a filler-substitute to reinforce concrete. In order to be broken up, the brick must be demolished. This demolition process, once again, involves diesel-powered industrial machinery. According to a study in Thailand, this equipment utilizes 0.0359 MJ of diesel per 1 kg of brick. In the same study, roughly 0.24 million tonnes of waste brick (the classification of brick after it has been reduced to smaller pieces) are conceived annually. For a heavy, relatively low grade material like brick to be transferred locations -- as implied in the transportation phase -- demands a significant amount of energy. Thus, the location of the nearest recycling facility in relation to the demolition site is critical in determining the efficiency of recycling; the greater the distance, the increased usage of energy inputs (diesel) can in fact consume more energy than recycling would save -- in the greater picture. In a country such as Greece, it is stated that “demolition waste... is used for landfilling purposes since there is no suitable plant for reduction and sorting of the waste material and reutilization of the demolition waste” (Koroneos, 2020). Thus, in instances where recycling infrastructure is unavailable or energy inefficient, the used brick ends its life cycle sitting in landfills. Fortunately, clay brick is inert and does not contribute to significant greenhouses gases as it decomposes on its own. In fact, a study by M.T. Brown and Vorasun Buranakarn considers that “overall, collection and landfilling costs are very small compared to the energy used in construction [of recycling bricks]. Essentially, then, recycling bricks becomes costly and energy demanding, whereas leaving them to rest in landfills is a cheap, relatively harmless alternative. In order to reduce the embodied energy and overall environmental impact of manufacturing clay bricks, several solutions have been presented. The first, as mentioned earlier, is to have a more secure regulation of air-flow and heat maintenance throughout the firing process: there are opportunities for design innovations in creating furnaces which better trap heat, and which use less energy. Additionally, sun-drying the bricks before they are fired is an effective, energy reducing method. Ultimately, since the greatest environmental impact of bricks comes from fossil-fuel emissions, it is suggested that to use cleaner fuel (ones with lower sulfur contents) would greatly reduce overall toxic emissions. However, within the scope of studies analyzed herein, there was a shortage of information on the exact cleaner fuel alternatives and sustainable practices and how these are projected to reduce the embodied energy. A blossoming alternative process of brick production -- which resorts to pre-industrial practices for producing bricks is in growing numbers today -- specifically in developing countries. These methods serve as a cost/energy effective method of reducing the environmental impact of brick production. For instance, The Clay Brick Association of South Africa, known as “CBA” has several initiatives which support ‘micro-enterprises’: local, informal brick-making operations that rely on traditional, labor-intensive practices to harvest and fire bricks. As much as these practices are far better for the environment, they cannot keep up with the demand of the growing infrastructure throughout the world. Even though brick making has been conducted by humans for thousands of years, there are alternative building techniques, such as ones that upcycle lumber, denim, and plastic, which prove to be far less impactful on the environment and consume far less energy in their life cycles. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bribián, Ignacio Zabalza, et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials: Comparative Analysis of Energy and Environmental Impacts and Evaluation of the Eco-Efficiency Improvement Potential.” Building and Environment, vol. 46, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1133–1140. “Brick Builds Better.” Home, www.gobrick.com/. Brown, M.t., and Vorasun Buranakarn. “Emergy Indices and Ratios for Sustainable Material Cycles and Recycle Options.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 38, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1–22. “BRICKMAKING in the USA: A BRIEF HISTORY.” BRICK COLLECTING .Com, brickcollecting.com/history.htm. “Clay Brick Association of South Africa.” Clay Brick Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) | Clay Brick Association of South Africa, www.claybrick.org/LCA. Harris, D.j. “A Quantitative Approach to the Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Building Materials.” Building and Environment, vol. 34, no. 6, 1999, pp. 751–758. Koroneos, Christopher, and Aris Dompros. “Environmental Assessment of Brick Production in Greece.” Building and Environment, vol. 42, no. 5, 2007, pp. 2114–2123. Kua, Harn Wei, and Susmita Kamath. “An Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of Substituting Concrete with Bricks.” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 81, 2014, pp. 190–200. Lin, Kae-Long, et al. “Recycling Waste Brick from Construction and Demolition of Buildings as Pozzolanic Materials.” Waste Management & Research, vol. 28, no. 7, Dec. 2010, pp. 653–659. Pérez-Hernández, A., et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of Regional Brick Manufacture.” Materiales De Construcción, vol. 66, no. 322, 2016. Sahu, M.k., and R.k. Patel. “Methods for Utilization of Red Mud and Its Management.” Environmental Materials and Waste, 2016, pp. 485–524. Thormark, Catarina. “A Low Energy Building in a Life Cycle—Its Embodied Energy, Energy Need for Operation and Recycling Potential.” Building and Environment, vol. 37, no. 4, 2002, pp. 429–435. Allan Hom 995910137 DES 40A. A01 Cogdell/ Saremi Clay Brick Life Cycle: Waste and Emissions As a major building material, fired ceramic, also known as clay brick, has been used throughout generations for its durability and heat resistance. Described by Professor Christina Cogdell at the University of California, Davis, the earliest fired brick in architecture is recorded back to c. 3000 BCE. These compression structures were consisted of mud, clay, and straw bricks to be dried in the sun, combined with other materials, and then to shaped for appliances and structures ultimately impacting their civilization in terms of energy expenditures and wastes. Over time, clay brick’s usage continued to be used for construction of buildings and new types of blocks made of different materials were created, such as fly ash, engineered, sand lime, and concrete bricks. This process of brickmaking has relatively stayed the same with slight adjustments in conjunction with the advancement of technology. Though some will advocate for brick’s durability, insulative properties, and even aesthetic appeal, clay brick production is severely harmful for the environment and all aspects of life considering the high levels of greenhouse gasses emitted in addition to the depletion of non-renewable sources during the process, therefore alternative materials and methods should be assessed when it comes to the construction of buildings and appliances. Depending on the geographic region, the raw materials required to produce clay bricks are extracted directly from the earth’s crust, which influences the chemical makeup of the product itself. Generally, the composition of clay is silicon dioxide (SiO₂), Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), and impurities (CaO). Encyclopedia Britannica declares that “Clays used in brickmaking represent a wide range of materials that include varying percentages of silica and alumina. They may be grouped in three classes: (1) surface clays found near or on the surface of the earth, typically in river bottoms; (2) shales, clays subjected to high geologic pressures and varying in hardness from a slate to a form of partially decomposed rock; and (3) fireclays, found deeper under the surface and requiring mining. Fireclays have a more uniform chemical composition than surface clays or shale.” Surface clays are usually extracted with power shovels, bulldozers equipped with scraper blades, and dragline operations. Shales are obtained by means of blasting and power shovels, and fireclays are mined through conventional techniques. This extraction process known as clay ‘winning’ results in the usage of machinery and the expenditure of energy, leaving behind carbon footprints. When there is unavailable land to obtain the raw materials needed to produce clay, it is possible to source the raw materials from clay pits, which are mines or quarries used for storing and extracting clay to be used for pottery, bricks, or mixed with other materials such as cement. These pits reserved for clay extraction disrupts and often destroys the interconnected ecosystem of native plants and fauna. Furthermore, a related study in the LCA of clay brick walling in South Africa noted that “With respect to Human health, the impacts in the clay preparation phase come from the coal and originate from the emissions caused at the coal mine during extraction, whereas during firing, particularly damaging emissions are sulphur dioxide, Dioxin 2,3,7,8, Tetrachlorodibenzo-p, nitrogen oxides, particulates and ammonia..” In addition to degradation of natural landscape for the extraction of raw materials needed to produce clay bricks, the transportation from the pits to the manufacturing process will also require cargo fuel, resulting in varying emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) depending on the distance traveled. On an individual scale, miners are also exposed to dust that results from these extraction methods. Research was unable to confirm if water extraction occurs in these processes. When considering the need for biodiversity within our landscape to sustain our crops, winning raw materials and clay pits required for brick production are not conducive towards a sustainable environment. After mining of primary raw materials to be manufactured into secondary raw materials before the formulation of a final product in clay bricks, these steps reveal manufacturing as the most concerning issue involved in its life cycle assessment in terms of waste and emissions due to the firing of the brick. Following extraction is forming the clay brick’s dimensions; shape and size, which can be achieved in three different ways; extrusion, stiff-mud process where clay is mixed with an appropriate amount of water to enable plasticity, molded (soft mud), and dry pressed, as detailed The Brick Industry Association. After this step from the molding and cutting machines, the bricks are set to be dried; water is evaporated in dryer chambers at temperatures ranging from 100 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit for 24 to 48 hours, depending on structure. This regulation of heat and humidity must be carefully accounted for in order to avoid any cracking in the brick. Lastly, firing is one of the final stages of clay brick production, and directly impacts air quality in a negative manner. During this process for clay brick manufacturing, the burning of fuel for firing bricks results in emissions of gaseous pollutants and ash into the environment. Indeed, with such high embodied energy expenditures and output of CO2, the firing of bricks also emits various pollutants like chlorides, fluoride, sulfur, oxides of nitrogen. A chart published by The National Pollutant Inventory in 1998 confirms these toxins are emitted, with air affected by particulates, water contaminated with metals, and handling wastes also present. Also illustrated in the same study is that when clay bricks are fired in kilns, substances emitted range from cobalt, lead, nickel, arsenic, mercury, and beryllium. Firing kilns used in the clay brick production requires energy and the burning of coals, leading to carbon emissions, as well as water extraction to bind the clay to reinforce its shape throughout the process. The large carbon footprint that is left behind amounts to various toxic chemicals harmful to all aspects of life. After the clay bricks are fired dried and then cooled, they must be transported and shipped in some manner, resulting in more carbon emissions. The amount of clay bricks compared to the amount of space and handling load for this heavy material will also likely result in multiple trips, thus increasing toxic emissions as well. Little research was conducted on distribution and transportation of getting the material to the stores and the consumers due to limited sources on this topic. However, cargo emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions is obvious when clay bricks are transported by car or train. In more rural areas, loads of clay bricks are seen to be handled on boats with the prime movers as men or even animal. In an article by international animal welfare charity Brooke, south Asian brick kilns are explored, and through this it is evident that pack animals such as donkeys, mules, and horses are transporting the heavy material. These animals may be led by young boys and even women, exposing them to dust and other particles while handling the materials and other duties involved. Once consumers obtain the clay bricks, their usage is predominantly construction and building material. It is worthy to note that their use phase can also involve the burning of coal, which has been documented to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Though clay bricks are built to last 100 years or more, according to the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (IACHI), they can be reused if they meet certain safety guidelines. Due to the composition of clay brick, it features numerous physical advantages, such as its porosity, temperature resistance, and overall low maintenance, but the firing required for reuse of salvaged clay bricks would also result in more fossil fuel emissions. Bricks are categorized under construction and demolition waste. They require the specialized disposition from a contractor or construction and demolition recycling plant. After the brick is collected, it can be pulverized into gravel-size pieces and used as ground cover for yards, as substitute for mulch, and into powders to be incorporated into baseball diamonds, running fields, and onto tennis courts. The Brick Industry Association also claims that “most brick manufacturers use recycled content when making new bricks, which likely results from recycling old bricks.” In regard to waste management, bricks consist of natural raw materials, so they have no harmful side effects when they come into contact with ground or surface water; the mineral structure allows it to be reused after recycling for infrastructure works, aggregation to precase concrete and mortar, and plant substrates. Bricks that cannot be reclaimed after demolition and unable to be combined with other materials will result in occupying landfill. The design of buildings relies on many materials and methods, and according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, buildings are responsible for about half of U.S. CO2 emissions (44.6%). In consideration of the entire lifecycle, the processing of clay bricks expresses the most damaging effects to life, as prolonged exposure to greenhouse gases has indicated exacerbation or increased susceptibly to respiratory issues. From pisé, or rammed earth, to the Ziggurat of Ur, and then extending towards the Great Wall of China, brickmaking has been pivotal in the construction of these monuments and other structures. Though clay bricks continue to boast superior moisture control as well as protection from hazards such as fire and storms with their timeless look and feel, the environmental implications far outweigh these benefits from using clay bricks as a source of building blocks. In some parts of the world such as China, clay is scarce and continues to be a non-renewable resource as it is extracted from the earth, as indicated by the China Economic Trade Committee. The clay brick production process continually contaminates human health and contributes to global warming, and in an embodied energy data compilation by Auroville Earth Institute in 2013, the carbon emissions are 8.8x greater compared than compressed earth block structures, further establishing the need for more sustainable materials and methods in construction buildings. Sources: 1. “Brick.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Nov. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick. 2. “Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Coal Mining.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 9 Aug. 2016, www.epa.gov/global-mitigation-non-co2-greenhouse-gases/global-mitigation-non-co2-greenhouse-gases-coal-mining. 3. Mason, Thomas O., and James A. Lee. “Brick and Tile.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 31 Oct. 2018, www.britannica.com/technology/brick-building-material#ref76609. 4. “Why Choose Brick?” Home, www.gobrick.com/why-choose-brick. 5. “Researchers Track the Environmental Impact of Brick Kilns in South Asia.” Phys.org - News and Articles on Science and Technology, Phys.org, phys.org/news/2017-09-track-environmental-impact-brick-kilns.html. 6. “Home.” Vandersanden Group, www.vandersandengroup.com/group/en/eco/bricks-durable-and-ecologically#recycling-and-reuse. 7. “Clay Brick Association of South Africa.” 500 Years Is the Average Brick Lifespan | Clay Brick Association of South Africa, www.claybrick.org/technical-note-30-lca-environmental-impacts-clay-bricks-south-africa. 8. “Clay Brick Association of South Africa.” 500 Years Is the Average Brick Lifespan | Clay Brick Association of South Africa, www.claybrick.org/lca-life-cycle-clay-brick-and-why-it-matters. 9. “Bricks: Fired / Unfired Clay, Reclaimed & Calcium Silicate.” Greenspec, www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/bricks. 10. “ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM BRICK MAKING OPERATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON WORKERS.” The Environmental Impact by Nearby Businesses, 8 Jan. 2012, businessimpactenvironment.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/environmental-pollution-from-brick-making-operations-and-their-effect-on-workers/. 11. “How Buildings Impact the Environment.” BOSS Controls, 27 Sept. 2016, bosscontrols.com/buildings-impact-environment/. 12. “Organisations Join Forces to Tackle Invisibility of South Asia's Brick Kilns.” Emma Goodman-Milne Q&A | Brooke, 26 Jan. 2017, www.thebrooke.org/news/organisations-tackle-invisible-south-asia-brick-kilns. 13. National Pollutant Inventory, www.npi.gov.au/resource/emission-estimation-technique-manual-bricks-ceramics-and-clay-product-manufacturing. 14. “Production of Bricks from Waste Materials – A Review.” NeuroImage, Academic Press, 10 June 2013, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061813004418#b0035. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/coloured-pencils-life-cycle daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544113881987-DRJ567TNJSSLSLT9JIIH/DES40_Poster_Johnathan+Rivera+and+Andy+Ngo.jpg Coloured Pencils http://www.designlife-cycle.com/life-cycle-of-nitrile-rubber-gloves daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544121915597-1RN0LXMB33AVV4A1MBVH/AGAINO-1.jpg Nitrile Rubber Gloves https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544114822969-PJE5MSBZEBWPRCRVWTKM/AGAINO-1.jpg Nitrile Rubber Gloves Jennifer Jeon DES40A Professor Cogdell 7 December 2018 The Life Cycle of Nitrile Gloves: Materials In industries ranging from food service to health care, professionals pervasively use nitrile gloves in their day-to-day use. Nitrile as a material is especially favored in industries in which cross-contamination poses a risk because of its contrasting durable yet disposable nature. Due to its chemical makeup and the raw materials associated with nitrile gloves, such gloves are resistant enough to offer adequate protection against most mild chemicals and infectious materials. In the production of nitrile gloves, synthetic materials are used as a way to preserve raw materials and circumvent human allergies, and thus allows for a glove that is now the universal standard in protecting against potentially hazardous material. Specifically, the main materials used in making nitrile gloves are acrylonitrile and butadiene, which is where nitrile rubber sources its unnatural durability and resistance to substances such as oil or blood. Nitrile gloves were first introduced as an alternative to latex gloves, which were universally used for medical procedures and examinations. Latex naturally occurs in the rubberwood tree Hevea Brasiliensis, which is native to Amazon rainforests. However, with the popularity of latex that includes not just gloves, but also balloons, condoms, and other rubber-based materials for commercial use, such trees were overharvested and inflated the price of latex (Rainforest Alliance). Due to the increasing demand and following rapid depletion of naturally recurring latex, scientists sought to source a new material in order to preserve latex. Nitrile gloves are made in a similar fashion as latex gloves; however, nitrile gloves are made using synthetic materials. One component of the synthetic material used in nitrile gloves is acrylonitrile, an organic compound that contributes greatly to nitrile gloves’ unnatural resistance to fluids such as blood and oil. In gloves with higher acrylonitrile content, they possess higher strength and lower permeability to gases (Britannica - nitrile rubber). On its own, acrylonitrile is a poisonous compound with molecular formula C3H3N. It does not naturally occur; it is a colorless liquid with distinguishable, onion-like odor. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies acrylonitrile as a probable human carcinogen and warns consumers that it may be linked to lung and prostate cancer, although contact with pure acrylonitrile has also caused mucous membrane irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea (PubChem). Acrylonitrile is synthesized through what is known as the SOHIO acrylonitrile process, named after the scientists and engineers who developed this process at Standard Oil of Ohio, an oil company part of the Standard Oil Company. In the SOHIO process, the main raw materials used are naturally recurring propene, ammonia, water, and air. These materials, along with a catalyst - commonly bismuth phosphomolybdate (Britannica - bismuth) - are passed through a fluidized bed reactor only once. They are kept in the reactor for only 2 - 20 seconds, before being exposed to aqueous sulfuric acid, effectively dissolving the reactants. The products of this reaction are acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, and carbon oxides, and hydrogen cyanide. The unused products are either incinerated or released into the atmosphere. Then, excess water is removed and acrylonitrile and acetonitrile are separated through distillation. Acetonitrile is used as a solvent in the purification of butadiene, the second main component of nitrile. Butadiene is the other organic compound essential in creating nitrile rubber; butadiene is used to ensure that nitrile gloves retain its elasticity and tear resistance. The butadiene used in the production of nitrile is known as 1,3-Butadiene, with formula C4H6. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, and hazardous gas. Human exposure to butadiene gas can cause irritation in the eyes and throat; it is also a common air pollutant as motor vehicle exhaust is one of the more common sources of butadiene. Like acrylonitrile, it is also classified as a human carcinogen by the EPA (Pubmed). Due to its synthetic nature, butadiene is also made in a laboratory setting. Butadiene is a byproduct of the production of ethylene (C2H4), which happens through steam cracking. Steam cracking is the petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, usually unsaturated hydrocarbons (sciencedirect); it is the primary means of producing ethylene. Ethane is placed into a pyrolysis (also known as steam cracking) furnace along with steam and is then “cracked” at high temperatures that range from 1450 °F to 1525 °F. From this process, the pyrolysate - also known as the product from pyrolysis - is composed of hydrogen, ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. The pyrolysate then undergoes compression and distillation in order to separate the hydrogen, methane (C1 compounds - compounds with only one carbon atom), ethylene (C2 components - compounds with only two carbon atoms), and propylene (C3 compounds with only three carbon atoms); this leaves the crude, unpurified butadiene, which has four carbon atoms in its compound. Butadiene is then purified through extractive distillation, which is needed to separate larger quantities of heavier hydrocarbons and because the volatility of butadiene and C5 components are similar; this means that they will evaporate at the same time at a similar rate. Acetonitrile, the byproduct of the synthesis of acrylonitrile, is mixed with both the butadiene and the C5 components separately, thus changing their relative volatilities (ACS). Then, normal distillation occurs and outputs highly purified butadiene that is ready for polymerization. Together, the monomers acrylonitrile and butadiene undergo free-radical emulsion polymerization in order to create nitrile, a polymer. Acrylonitrile and butadiene are emulsified in water in trains of continuous reactors, which are large polymerization vessels (UWaterloo). In the production of hot nitrile rubber, the polymerization vessels are heated to 30 °C to 40 °C and are allowed to react with each other for 5-12 hours, which allows for a roughly 70% conversion into a full polymer. The latex is then congealed with calcium nitrate and aluminum sulfate in an aluminum tank, which is then washed and dried as crumb rubber. The raw material is yellow and the specific properties of the nitrile formed are dependent on the acrylonitrile content. For optimal low-temperature flexibility and solvent resistance, the acrylonitrile content is about 33%; however, the higher the acrylonitrile content, the more resistant the nitrile will be to nonpolar solvents (Sciencedirect). With the nitrile formed, the material is ready to be coagulated into gloves in a factory setting. This is done by running ceramic, hand-shaped molds first through water and bleach to remove any residue in order to ensure that the final product is pristine. Then, the molds are dipped into calcium carbonate and calcium nitrate in order to help the materials stick onto the models. The molds are then engulfed in a tank of the newly-polymerized nitrile and heated at high temperatures to form the gloves. The gloves then undergo either chlorination or polymer coating so that they are easier to wear. In chlorination, the now-dried gloves are exposed to either chlorine gas or aqueous solution to make the material slicker. Polymer coating adds another layer of polymers so that the material is more elastic. In the past, cornstarch was used to powder gloves; however, the threat of allergies, cross-contamination, and its role as an impediment in healing open wounds has led to manufacturers to use more synthetic methods (AMMEX). The gloves are then stripped off of the molds and are dyed using pigments according to size. There is no universal color legend for the sizes of nitrile gloves, as it varies by manufacturer (Sciencedirect). Nitrile gloves are pervasively used in medical facilities and should also correspondingly be disposed of in a way that is sustainable and in a way that does not pose as a biohazardous threat. Researchers at Cell Signaling Technology (CST) have noted that they use between three to upwards of ten pairs of gloves every day (Labconscious). Additionally, caregivers use nitrile gloves to prevent cross-contamination and spread of bacteria when providing medical care. Because of how doctors use nitrile gloves when in contact with potentially dangerous material, nitrile gloves used in these situations must be disposed of in hazardous waste bins. However, when working with non-hazardous material, professionals will usually dispose of them in the trash, which will usually lead to such gloves to either be thrown in landfills or incinerated. In a study conducted by CST, researchers concluded that they were throwing away 5,000 pounds of gloves a year. Kimberly-Clark Corporation, an American personal care corporation, formed an initiative in which Kimberley-Clark branded gloves can be sent back to the company, and then be repurposed for plastic-based objects. Ultimately, nitrile rubber gloves are the industry standard in a variety of professional fields. The chemical composition and its synthetic nature fortifies nitrile in ways that rubber latex could never be. Acrylonitrile and butadiene both enable nitrile to be unusually resistant to oil, fuel, and hazardous chemicals. Compared to natural rubber and latex, nitrile rubber is more puncture resistant and is less likely to cause an allergic reaction. Bibliography “Art Hazards.” Selecting Protective Gloves for Solvent Use - Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, www.hazwastehelp.org/ArtHazards/gloves.aspx. “Beyond the Ethylene Steam Cracker.” American Chemical Society, www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/cutting-edge-chemistry/beyond-the-ethylene-steam-crack er.html. Brown, Walter. “How Nitrile and Vinyl Gloves Are Made.” AMMEX, 10 Mar. 2017, blog.ammex.com/how-nitrile-and-vinyl-gloves-are-made/#.W9jRAhNKgWo. “Butadiene Production Process Overview.” NeuroImage, Academic Press, 26 Jan. 2007, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009279707000191. Cespi, Daniele, et al. “Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Two Ways for Acrylonitrile Production: the SOHIO Process and an Alternative Route Using Propane.” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 69, 2014, pp. 17–25., doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.057. David, Ian. “Dynamic Modelling of Emulsion Polymerization for the Continuous Production of Nitrile Rubber.” UWSpace - Waterloo's Institutional Repository, University of Waterloo, 20 Nov. 2008, uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/4118?show=full. Deakin, Charles D., et al. “Do Clinical Examination Gloves Provide Adequate Electrical Insulation for Safe Hands-on Defibrillation? I: Resistive Properties of Nitrile Gloves.” Resuscitation, vol. 84, no. 7, July 2013, pp. 895–899., doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.011. EHS Today Staff | Jul 31. “Protecting Hands Against Chemical Exposures.” EHS Today, 16 May 2017, www.ehstoday.com/news/ehs_imp_33562. Emma-Christin Lönnroth (2005) Toxicity of Medical Glove Materials: A Pilot Study, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 11:2, 131-139, DOI:10.1080/10803548.2005.11076642 “Environmental Health and Safety.” PPE - Glove Selection Information | Environmental Health and Safety, University of Iowa, July 2012, ehs.research.uiowa.edu/ppe-glove-selection-information. Richard, Nathalie. “Why Use Nitrile Gloves.” GloveNation, GloveNation, 28 Dec. 2015, glovenation.com/blogs/default-blog/blog-why-use-nitrile-gloves. Smith, Brian. “The Development of Nitrile Gloves.” The Development of Nitrile Gloves - HSI Magazine, Bay Publishing Ltd, 10 Jan. 2011, www.hsimagazine.com/article/the-development-of-nitrile-gloves-144. Richard, Nathalie. “Why Use Nitrile Gloves.” GloveNation, GloveNation, 28 Dec. 2015, glovenation.com/blogs/default-blog/blog-why-use-nitrile-gloves. “Tillman University.” John Tillman Co., jtillman.com/material-safety/tillman-university/material-science/coated-gloves-whats -the-difference/. “Toxic Substances Portal - Acrylonitrile.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 Jan. 2015, www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=445&tid=78. Kaitlyn Weycker DES 40A Professor Cogdell 6 December 2018 Nitrile Gloves Life Cycle: Embodied Energy Nitrile is a versatile material used in a variety of industries all due to its hypoallergenic properties and ease of creation. This is especially true in industries that need to maintain cleanliness, as nitrile rubber gloves are easily disposed and acquired. Though they are prevalent in professional industries, nitrile gloves can be bought easily online and in department stores due to their ease of creation. Nitrile rubber is made entirely of synthetic materials, alleviating some pressure on the environment, and so the creation process relies on a series of refinement and synthesis. The vast majority of energy used within a the life cycle of a nitrile glove is consumed by the creation of the synthetic materials that create nitrile rubber. Due to the massive energy usage of the initial processes to create nitrile, the overall energy consumed in the life of a nitrile glove is high. The creation and refinement of base materials accounts for the largest portion of energy consumption in the creation of nitrile gloves. The base materials used to create nitrile, propene and butadiene, are generated as a byproduct of steam cracking, which is a massive industry because all synthetic rubbers need materials from this process. So massive, in fact, that steam cracking facilities consume nearly 10% of the energy used by the entire chemical sector, even though steam cracking reactions last only milliseconds in modern facilities. The reason steam cracking constitutes such a massive portion of energy use in the chemical industry is because the process is necessary for the production of a variety of commonly-used materials. Additionally, steam cracking has been found to consume the most energy out of any single process in the chemical industry. In order to preserve confidentiality, very few articles have been published with exact values for the energy usage of an average steam cracking facility, though qualitative measurements are more willingly shared. Due to the massive energy consumption of the steam cracking process alone, very little energy is required to form and transport the gloves in comparison. The formation of the gloves themselves is nearly entirely automated by factory machines, and so consumes a large amount of electrical energy. However, most industrial factories purchase electricity from the local electrical companies, which are fueled mainly by natural gas, adding to the overall energy consumed to create gloves. Alongside the automated facilities, glove factories must also hand test the finished gloves for impurities as regulated by the FDA. This involves filling each individual glove with water to check for holes and structural integrity. Once the testing is concluded, factory workers must also package and store the finished gloves. Nitrile gloves, especially the disposable versions, are packaged and transported in bulk due to the lack of shelf life and the fact they are not reusable. Overall this reduces the amount of labor and energy consumption of the delivery process as more gloves are delivered at once. The energy required to transport nitrile gloves and their production components varies greatly, mainly due to how easily accessible the gloves are. One can purchase gloves in common department and cleaning stores, as well as online. Online accessibility increases the overall amount of transport required for the product to sell, as any manufacturer can sell their products worldwide. In contrast, the majority of energy used to dispose of the gloves is consumed in transportation, mainly by waste removal services. This is only increased if the gloves are classified as toxic waste, as there are fewer locations to dispose such material and the trucks would travel further. However, no matter the distance or method of transportation, the fuel and energy consumption of the vehicles pales in comparison to the consumption of producing the materials. Nitrile gloves can be disposed of as hazardous waste, and go through a separate process of transportation, treatment, and disposal regulated by local governments, usually resulting in thorough incineration. Nitrile gloves are also often incinerated or dumped in a landfill, and most of the energy consumed in order to properly dispose of the gloves is used in transporting the material to the proper sites. Incineration is the most common procedure for disposing of nitrile gloves, and naturally requires much more energy than simply dumping the waste, but has a much lower risk of leaving harmful waste material behind than letting the gloves decompose. Despite this, both processes with current technology still leave behind non degradable, toxic, or otherwise environmentally harmful wastes. Overall the vast majority of energy used to create nitrile gloves is consumed by the steam cracking processes, which consume such a massive amount of energy that the worldwide transportation of nitrile gloves makes hardly a dent in the overall consumption. Despite that fact, very few raw or natural resources are used to produce nitrile gloves, which reduces strain on the environment. Additionally, it is possible to cleanly dispose of the gloves, further reducing environmental impact, though they are often sent to landfills. Brown, Walter. “How Nitrile and Vinyl Gloves Are Made.” AMMEX, 10 Mar. 2017, blog.ammex.com/how-nitrile-and-vinyl-gloves-are-made/#.W9jRAhNKgWo. Smith, Brian. “The Development of Nitrile Gloves.” The Development of Nitrile Gloves - HSI Magazine, Bay Publishing Ltd, 10 Jan. 2011, www.hsimagazine.com/article/the-development-of-nitrile-gloves-144. “Light & Tough Nitrile Gloves, The Environmentally Better Option.” Eagleproject.co, 3 Nov. 2017, blog.eagleprotect.co.nz/fromthenest/light-tough-nitrile-gloves-the-environmentally-better -option. “Recyling Rubber.” Conserve Energy Future, 25 Dec. 2016, www.conserve-energy-future.com/recyclingrubber.php. “Nitrile Gloves - Q&A.” Home, protechealthcare.weebly.com/nitrile-gloves---qa.html. Brown, Walter. “How Nitrile and Vinyl Gloves Are Made.” AMMEX, 21 Sept. 2018, blog.ammex.com/how-nitrile-and-vinyl-gloves-are-made/#.W9j3M3tKjRY. “History of the Synthetic Rubber Industry.” Trusted Market Intelligence for the Global Chemical, Energy and Fertilizer Industries, www.icis.com/resources/news/2008/05/12/9122056/history-of-the-synthetic-rubber-indus try/. “Environmental Health and Safety.” PPE - Glove Selection Information | Environmental Health and Safety, University of Iowa, July 2012, ehs.research.uiowa.edu/ppe-glove-selection-information. Morrow, Norman. “The Industrial Production and Use of 1,3-Butadiene” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 86, 1990, pp. 7-8. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.90867 Buding, Hartmuth, et al. “US4581417A - Production of Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubbers.” Google Patents, Google, patents.google.com/patent/US4581417A/en. Ren, Tao, et al. “Olefins from Conventional and Heavy Feedstocks: Energy Use in Steam Cracking and Alternative Processes.” NeuroImage, Academic Press, 17 May 2005, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544205000745. Nitrile Gloves (Waste and Emissions) Auboni, Poddar DES 40A Professor Cogdell 5 December 2018 The availability of disposable gloves is fundamental to accomplishing basic tasks in fields where protection and safety are a necessity. Selection of glove type varies on a wide scale; depending on the material, different levels of protection can be provided. In certain fields, such as the medical field, gloves made out of latex or nitrile tend to be a common choice due to the high durability and protection they provide. Because of latex allergies and the higher chemical and puncture resistance that nitrile provides, nitrile glove use specifically has been on the rise. Though nitrile is known to be a more expensive and slowly biodegradable material, nitrile gloves have become an essential tool in the medical field for its qualities in protection (“The Development of Nitrile Gloves”). In the interest of the environment and the desire to continue to use nitrile gloves, it is best to implement changes throughout the process of creating the gloves that will help reduce the levels of emission and waste released into the environment. The materials that nitrile gloves are composed provide the qualities that make this a glove of choice as opposed to the others; it is important, however to consider what emissions are released from these raw materials to examine its effect on the environment. Nitrile, formally known as Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), is a synthetic rubber that contains no natural rubber latex (“Nitrile Rubber”). This copolymer is created through a chemical reaction between acrylonitrile and butadiene (“What is Nitrile Anyway?”). Acrylonitrile is released into the air and water by the chemical plants that use them. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, acrylonitrile evaporates quickly in the air. In water, acrylonitrile normally breaks down in one to two weeks, but this is dependant on the amount that is released. If high concentrations are released at once, for instance during a spill, acrylonitrile will take longer to break down. Though small amounts of acrylonitrile do tend to be found in the water and soil near manufacturing plants, overall acrylonitrile pollution is unlikely to have any significant effects on the global environment (“Public Health Statement for Acrylonitrile”). Most butadiene is released by air into the environment during production and disposal and generally only take six hours to break down. It evaporates easily in water and soil and does not build up in the environment, but can be involved in the formation of ground level ozone. Because of this, butadiene can have a negative impact but only on a small and local scale (“1,3-Butadiene”). Though these findings make it clear that the potential of these emissions impacting the environment is low, there is still action that can taken to improve what can be done with the waste. For instance, Harold R Sheely proposes recovering the waste materials of nitrile found in wastewater by using a method where, “the nitrile-solvent mixture is distilled to separately recover the solvent and nitrile product”, which essentially allows for the solvent to be recycled (“Treatment of Waste Water from Nitrile Production”). This is an example of how byproducts can be retrieved from waste and recycled for continued use. Analyzing what byproducts are released from the raw materials is helpful when considering improvements that can be made to minimize waste and harm in the environment; it also alludes to the possibilities for improvements that can be made within the manufacturing of gloves itself and its transportation process which imaginably releases a lot more emissions. The manufacturing process of rubber gloves is intuitively understood to be a detailed process that requires a substantial amount of energy to fuel its mass production; with large amount of energy input comes large amounts of output, waste and emissions included. Many components that are necessary in the rubber industry produce byproducts that are released into the environment during the manufacturing stage of gloves. Two substances in particular are sulphur and zinc oxide. Facilities that process crude oil or natural gas often form raw sulphur and zinc is the most used metal in the rubber industry. These substances can be harmful to some water based organisms (“Processing of Rubber Materials”). Similarly, according to a study done on the, “Effects of Zinc-oxide Nanoparticles on Soil, Plants, Animals and Soil Organisms”, zinc-oxide has a negative effect on ecosystems. Water pollution is a common result of the production process which can easily be combated by specific maintenance by facilities. Glove manufacturers can clean the wastewater in their facilities to ensure that the water they release back to the environment is not more toxic than it was before (“Can Disposable Gloves Go Green?”). The most contributing byproduct of emissions released during manufacturing and transporting goods is the release of CO2 from use of fossil fuels. Oil, gas, and coal used in the rubber industry for the heating and production process and as a result, large releases of CO2 enter the atmosphere. Carbon black, for example, is a specific byproduct that is released during the combustion process in furnaces and is released into the air (“Processing of Rubber Materials”). Additionally, the emissions released during transportation of raw materials and final products contribute to the CO2 added to the atmosphere. These amounts are especially high because most glove factories reside in Southeast Asia, so gloves are shipped from facilities through ocean freight to reach destinations (“Start to Finish: The Disposable Glove Supply Chain”). Solutions such as establishing more local factories may help to reduce the amount of fuel needed because it helps eliminate distance. Another adjustment that can be made is further maximizing how many gloves can be delivered per shipment (“Can Disposable Gloves Go Green?”). While evaluating issues regarding waste and emissions that lie within the production and delivery process of nitrile gloves, it is just as imperative to consider what contributions the finished product make to the waste in the environment once it is ready to be disposed. One of the main features of nitrile gloves is that it is to be designed to be disposed after a single use; with a product that calls for immediate disposal, analyzing what happens in that process is tremendously helpful in determining if adjustments can be made there to improve the effect nitrile gloves have on the environment. Generally, if a glove ends up contaminated, it is disposed the same way as the toxic material. Otherwise, nitrile gloves are either incinerated or found in landfills (“Ansell-Technical Center”). When nitrile gloves are thrown out into landfills, they remain intact and do not decompose. They gradually “shred” from exposure to the elements and sunlight, but they will not break down and disappear completely (“Processing of Rubber Materials”). A properly functioning incinerator should be able to consume all gloves and their byproducts. When nitrile gloves are incinerated, their byproducts include water and a small amount of carbon dioxide and other non-toxic chemicals. Therefore, incineration is considered the best form of disposal. The issue arises when gloves are being incinerated in a poor functioning incinerators. This leads to a release of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide which are dangerous to the environment (“Ansell-Technical Center”). On the other hand, landfill decomposition will not form any toxic byproducts. The issue with landfills is the slow degradation rate of nitrile gloves. In 2013, Globus introduced the world's first biodegradable nitrile disposable glove. Rather than the usual rate of degradation of nitrile gloves, estimated to take hundreds of years, these gloves activate in landfills and take far less time (“Globus Introduces World's First Biodegradable Nitrile Disposable Glove”). Another form of action that helps minimizes the buildup of gloves in landfills are providing more recycling options in labs since nitrile is recyclable. In efforts to improve sustainability, the Kimberly-Clark Nitrile Glove Recycling Program was implemented at various university labs and provides recycling for nitrile disposable gloves. So far, this program has prevented 70,000 pounds of waste from landfills (“Kimberly-Clark Nitrile Glove Recycling Program”). Further installations of programs and products like these can significantly improve the state of landfills and overall maintenance of the environment, and shows that exploration of nitrile gloves can only improve what steps should be taken to move forward. Nitrile gloves are an excellent resource for medical departments whose success is heavily determined by how safe and dependable their tools are. Nitrile glove serves as a top choice because of its durability and incredible resistance. It is a responsibility to consider what waste and emissions are released during the stages of nitrile gloves in order to determine what improvements can be made to preserve the state of the environment. Converting all of nitrile gloves into a biodegradable form, improving facilities management of their waste, and choosing to be mindful with transportation are just a few productive steps that can be made to ensure that these gloves can be available without the expense of severe damage on the environment. Examining all aspects of nitrile gloves at all its phases effectively guides thinkers in determining how one can enjoy the benefits of this product without it being at the expense of their ecosystem. Bibliography Bay Publishing Ltd. “The Development of Nitrile Gloves.” What Is PPE? Prevention and Regulation - HSI Magazine, www.hsimagazine.com/article/the-development-of-nitrile-gloves-144. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Nitrile Rubber.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 4 Apr. 2016, www.britannica.com/technology/nitrile-rubber. “Can Disposable Gloves Go Green?” Gloves By Web, glovesbyweb.com/blogs/news/83544647-can-disposable-gloves-go-green. “Globus Introduces World's First Biodegradable Nitrile Disposable Glove.” Globus , Globus, 19 Dec. 2013, www.globus.co.uk/globus-introduces-worlds-first-biodegradable-nitrile-disposable-glove. “History of the Synthetic Rubber Industry.” Trusted Market Intelligence for the Global Chemical, Energy and Fertilizer Industries, www.icis.com/resources/news/2008/05/12/9122056/history-of-the-synthetic-rubber-indus try/. Kimberly-Clark Nitrile Glove Recycling Program, sustainability.ucsc.edu/engage/green-certified/green-labs/Waste Reduction/Glove Recycling Program.html. “Light & Tough Nitrile Gloves, The Environmentally Better Option.” Eagleproject.co, 3 Nov. 2017, blog.eagleprotect.co.nz/fromthenest/light-tough-nitrile-gloves-the-environmentally-better -option. “Nitrile Gloves - Q&A.” Home, protechealthcare.weebly.com/nitrile-gloves---qa.html. “Processing of Rubber Materials”, www.tut.fi/ms/muo/vert/8_processing/7.1.htm. Protect, Eagle. “How to Save Waste & Disposal Costs (AND Improve Food Safety).” Busy Dirty World, blog.eagleprotect.com/save-waste-and-disposal-costs-and-improve-food-safety-programs. “Recyling Rubber.” Conserve Energy Future, 25 Dec. 2016, www.conserve-energy-future.com/recyclingrubber.php. “Saving Latex Gloves from Landfills : Evaluating Sustainable Methods of Waste Disposal Such as Recycling, Composting, and Upcycling.” Open Collections, 2 Apr. 2014, open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/undergraduateresearch/52966/items/1.0075683. “Start to Finish: The Disposable Glove Supply Chain.” Blog, 21 Sept. 2018, blog.ammex.com/start-to-finish-the-disposable-glove-supply-chain/#.XAkIfxNKhmA. “Tech-Center.” Ansell, ppe.ansell.com.au/tech-centre/safety-gloves-disposal. “Toxic Effects of Different Types of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Algae, Plants, Invertebrates, Vertebrates and Microorganisms.” NeuroImage, Academic Press, 16 Nov. 2017, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653517318544. “Toxic Substances Portal - 1,3-Butadiene.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Mar. 2011, www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=81. “Toxic Substances Portal - Acrylonitrile.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 Jan. 2015, www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=445&tid=78. “The Truth about Rubber Recycling.” Bollards by Reliance Foundry, Reliance Foundry Ltd., www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/rubber-recycling#gref. “US4246417A - Treatment of Waste Water from Nitrile Production.” Google Patents, Google, patents.google.com/patent/US4246417A/en. “What Is Nitrile Anyway?” Hourglass International, Inc., hourglass-intl.com/2012/04/19/what-is-nitrile-anyway/. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/davincipaintbrush daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544116590312-P8UDGEYKPQQOZIEWDURD/Da+Vinci+Paintbrush+Poster DaVinci Paint Brushes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cotton-swabs daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544116965806-ACKIMFO9SO4Q8HWAG35D/DES40A+Life+Cycle+Poster+.png Cotton Swabs http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lifecycles-of-brushless-motor daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544118542848-3HXRHU857SEHV4773XHD/Screen+Shot+2018-12-06+at+9.16.54+AM.png Brushless DC motor https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544118197902-I21S6LHHSLU9GLMED2UO/Screen+Shot+2018-12-06+at+9.16.54+AM.png Brushless DC motor http://www.designlife-cycle.com/life-cycle-assessment-of-the-adidas-x-parley-ultraboost daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544126645809-692E2HE6JDYBKDZ4BXCF/DES40+POSTER+PROJECT.jpg Adidas x Parley Ultraboost Lucas Wieser Professor Christina Cogdell Design 40A 25 November 2018 Recycled Plastic Materials in the Adidas X Parley Ultraboost Sneaker In 2016, New York based company Parley announced its new partnership with Adidas. The organization planned to collect recycled plastic water bottles from the ocean, and convert them into useable materials for the popular Adidas shoe, the Ultraboost. Though the motive seems moral and wholly good for the environment, it poses questions. Exactly how are the water bottles made into useable materials? Which materials are actually used in the final product? In 2017, Parley said that it’s goal was ‘to produce a million pairs of Parley X Adidas ocean plastic shoes.’ Doing so would remove many potentially harmful products from the ocean. Adidas X Parley Ultraboosts are a proficient alternative to mainstream sneakers due to the use of recycled thermoplastic polyurethane, other recycled plastic materials in major components of the shoe, and more sustainable materials. Major components of the Adidas X Parley Ultra Boosts are made from salvaged water bottles, collected from our oceans. This essay does not provide information on the origin of the plastic bottles themselves due to the immense volume and variety of brands of plastic water bottles. Instead, we will begin with the organization responsible for the collection of these bottles: Parley. Since the beginning of the partnership between the two, Adidas has maintained that it will follow Parley’s ‘A.I.R’ strategy, to Avoid, Intercept, and Redesign; Avoid meaning avoid the use of single use plastics, Intercept plastic from entering our oceans, and Redesign products so that they do not use harmful plastics. Parley also stated in 2016 that it plans “to make 1 million pairs of recycled ocean plastic shoes in 2017.” Parley says that for every pair of shoes made, it uses plastic from 11 recycled water bottles. These water bottles are primarily collected in coastal regions such as off the coast of the Maldives before being sent to Taiwan to be turned into fibres that can be used in textiles. The name of Parley and Adidas supplier in Taiwan is the Far Eastern New Century Corp. (FENC). FENC has not only the highest recycling rate of bottles into fibres worldwide, at around 95%, but is also innovating in the field of textile dyes. Through the combined efforts of Adidas, Parley, and FENC, bottles discarded in the ocean are being turned into high quality shoes. According to Parley, the goal of one millions pairs of shoes was accomplished, meaning that in the year 2017, eleven million water bottles were retrieved and recycled by Adidas and Parley. Once these water bottles are received by FENC, they are made into textile fibres that are used in the Ultraboosts, namely recycled polyester and polystrene, as well as perhaps the most important, thermoplastic polyurethane. Whereas normal plastic textiles are made from petroleum and are not environmentally friendly, the polyester used in Adidas X Parley ultra boosts is recycled. Instead of using petroleum as the raw material, it is instead replaced with plastic water bottles, or ‘PET bottles.’ These ‘PET’ bottles are mainly collected from the oceans. The process used to make recycled polyester begins when PET bottles are sterilized, and then crushed into small chips of plastic. These chips are then heated and passed through a spinneret to create long strands of yarn. The yarn is then wound up in spools and passed through a crimping machine to give it a wooly texture before being dyed and knitted into the fabric that is used in the manufacturing of shoes. In the Ultraboost, the ‘upper’ (the component that covers the top of your foot) is made of recycled polyester. The ‘heel counter’ is a rigid insert that goes underneath a wearer’s heel in a shoe. In the Ultraboost, the heel counter is 50% recycled polystrene from food packaging, via Adidas supplier ‘framas.’ According to Adidas, framas makes them 110 million heel counters per year, meaning they divert 1500 tonnes of waste from going to landfills. In comparison, a normal heel counter is typically made of virgin materials (materials straight from the ground in raw form) such as thermoplastic rubber and polystyrene. While the environmental benefits of recycled ocean plastics are far and above those of virgin materials, the durability of these plastics are not. In a Japanese study conducted by Kobe University in 2004, where recycled polyester fibres were washed repeatedly, it was concluded that recycled material fabrics are more likely to fatigue than virgin fabrics. However, the study does not account for the benefits of recycled material and the increasingly urgent problem of our fast degrading oceans. Use of these materials greatly benefit the ocean and our environment, but they can also greatly benefit us, the users. Perhaps the most important recycled plastic material in the Ultraboost is thermoplastic polyurethane. Due to it’s high energy absorption and lightweight nature, the Ultraboost contains bead foaming technology in the outsole, made of recycled thermoplastic polyurethane. Manufactured from the same recycled plastic as other elements of the shoe, the technology has been dubbed ‘Infinergy’ named after the inventor, a German sports equipment company. There are many benefits to the use of thermoplastic polyurethane; the material is extremely resilient, and resists all temperatures, however the main advantage is that bead foams offer very low density while still maintaining a highly malleable texture. To begin the highly advanced process of making thermoplastic polyurethane, a mixture of polymer and gas must be created or obtained. Next the nucleation of cells in the polymer create nuclei, which act as a “centre for cell growth” (Raps, Hossieny, Park, Altstadt, Polymers). From there, cell growth takes place until a desirable size is obtained. A sudden drop in temperature will stabilize the cells in order to stop them from growing more. With the application of a blowing agent, each bead is expanded. Finally, the beads are blown into a mould and welded together via the passing of hot steam through the substance to achieve the ideal shape. The most popular bead foam is EPS (Expanded Polystyrene), an estimated 4.7 million tons are consumed per year, however they lead to enormous amounts of waste. In the Ultraboost, TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane) is used, made from recycled water bottles. Not only are these TPU outsoles temperature resistant, extremely lightweight, highly malleable, and energy absorbent, but they are also fully biodegradable. With the addition of a digestion enzyme called proteinase, the outsole will fully degrade in 36 hours. There also seems to be room for improvement. A recent prototype for adidas contained “Futurecraft Biofabric” which is also made from TPU. New adidas sneakers could contain this fabric in addition to a TPU outsole, making the shoe even more sustainable. The TPU outsole isn’t just made of beads, but it is also encased in rubber to protect the energy absorbing ocean plastics. Adidas partner and manufacturer Continental is most well known for making tires but actually makes all types of rubber. In the Ultraboost, Continental produces a high quality outsole. Though they produce both natural and synthetic rubbers (which use crude oil as the main raw material), the rubber used in the outsole of Ultraboosts is purely natural, named ‘Stretchweb.’ Natural rubbers are made from rubber trees and are not harmful to the environment. Synthetic rubbers take many years to degrade and often end up sitting in landfills. In this way, Continental provides a high-grip, high energy absorbing outsole out of environmentally friendly materials. In addition, the outsole of the Ultraboost contains a TPU “Torsion system bar.” This technology is made to reduce the strain on the middle of the foot, and allows the heel and front of the foot to move independently. Due to it being made of TPU, the piece degrades in a matter of a few days. In conclusion, what is most astounding about the Adidas x Parley Ultraboosts, is that these sustainable materials were used with no compromise to the quality of the product. We see an example of this in industry leading ‘BOOST’ technology. The use of recycled thermoplastic urethane makes for a biodegradable outsole, while also containing a natural rubber grip. Additionally, the upper of the shoe is made of recycled polyester while the heel counter is also recycled ocean plastic. The use of all these materials collectively contributes to the production of a more sustainable shoe. Through these methods, Adidas and Parley are making a difference in the fields of sneaker sustainability and recycled plastic use. That’s not all, they have also developed and produced one of the most technologically advanced and sustainable sneakers out there. Annotated Bibliography GLOBAL FACTORY LIST, Adidas, 1 July. 2018, www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/compliance/supply-chain-structure/ Adidas, AG. “Materials.” Adidas, 2018, www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/products/materials/ “Adidas Commitment to Contribute to the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14.” United Nations, Adidas, https://oceanconference.un.org/commitments/?id=16518 Golgowski, Nina. “The Fabric On These Adidas Shoes Will Decompose In Your Sink.” Huffington Post, 22 Nov. 2016, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/adidas-biodegradable-fabric-shoes_us_5831b24ee4b058ce7aab93ee “Infinergy® in the ‘Energy Boost’ from Adidas.” Plasticsportal, www.plasticsportal.net/wa/plasticsEU/portal/show/common/content/campaigns/infinergy/english/infinergy_adidas_project.html Marie Inoue and Yamamoto Shinji. “Performance and Durability of Woven Fabrics Including Recycled Polyester Fibers.” Kobe University, 20 July 2004, www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jte/50/2/50_2_25/_pdf/-char/ja. “Q&A ADIDAS x PARLEY PARTNERSHIP .” Q&A ADIDAS x PARLEY PARTNERSHIP , www.adidas-group.com/media/filer_public/16/29/16299d3c-ad48-4f62-a8ef-c44c25fa4e5a/adidas_x_parley_qa_website_en.pdf Raps, Daniel, et al. “Past and Present Developments in Polymer Bead Foams and Bead Foaming Technology.” Sciencedirect, 15 Jan. 2015, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003238611401012X. Ross, Charlie. “What’s The Deal With Recycled Polyester?” Theswatchbook, 29 Jan. 2015, https://theswatchbook.offsetwarehouse.com/2015/01/29/what-is-recycled-polyester/ Chung, Oscar. “Material Gains” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 Mar. 2018, https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=129758 Adidas, AG. “adidas unveils UltraBOOST Uncaged Parley, the first mass-produced running shoe made from Parley Ocean Plastic” 4 Nov. 2016, https://news.adidas.com/global/Latest-News/adidas-unveils-ultraboost-uncaged-parley--the-first-mass-produced-running-shoe-made-from-parley-ocea/s/597f4de8-ef19-49ee-8283-30f025dbe894 Continental Tire “Two Soles in One, Continental Tire and adidas” Continental Tire the Americas, LLC. http://www.continentaltire.com/news/two-soles-one-continental-tire-and-adidas Misael Rosales Professor Cogdell DES 40A 28 November 2018 Adidas Shoes: Embodied Energy To this day history has been defined by innovators and people who take initiative. The foundation of the shoe game and athletic footwear has been due thanks to certain important figures. It all started in a small town in Bavaria, Germany. An intelligent man named Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik had a goal to offer athletes durable and efficient footwear. The famous three stripes shoe brand came to existence on August 1949. New methods of distribution and production have arisen ever since the evolution of shoes. Adidas has become a popular shoe brand because of their not only comfortable footwear selection, but accessible shoes. In 2011 Adidas introduced an innovating new running shoe design, which they named them Energy Boost. This was the beginning of a new running shoe era that provided exceptional cushioning support. Adidas’ goal was to offer athletes a new running experience. The new Ultraboosts caught popularity because of its stylish design and its comfortable out of this world cushioning. As with any company, following company success is the eventual need to produce more. The net energy consumption of Adidas shoes has increased greatly with the increase of consumerism. With an increase in consumerism comes a drastic shift in the market which requires the evolution of new methods of production which inevitable require more energy consumption. Eventually, with this shift comes the inevitable negative effect on our natural environment. Therefore, Adidas Co has focused on finding new methods of producing their signature shoe the Ultraboost. Adidas is using new materials like parley to limit their pollution effect on the environment. Adidas’ main focus was, and still remains on keeping up with high demand and still aiming to limit their negative effects on the environment. In 2015 Adidas introduced their new Parley Ultraboosts that still possessed boost cushioning and primeknit shell. The parley Ultraboost has various forms of materials that come together and make the stylish eco-friendly shoe. The most common materials that make up the shoe are recycled rubber, recycled polyester, and organic cotton.The midsole is also made up of hundreds of tiny beads of super-springy thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In addition, eleven plastic bottles are fished out of the ocean to make the shoe. Using recycled plastics from our oceans helps limit the negative effect on the ecosystem. Total energy consumption has always increased with the increase of consumerism, mainly as a result of companies producing more products to keep up with high demand. Adidas has focused on finding alternative methods in which they can supply consumers with the best quality products but still help minimize the carbon footprint on our environment. With this, companies like Adidas are producing more, so they need to change both their production methods and their environmental footprint. In 2008 average energy consumption/pair (kWh/pair) was 2.76. The size of the site also contributes to how much energy is used. The Adidas footwear factory in Scheinfeld, Germany consumption was 12,683,749 (kWh/year). Adidas has been way ahead of the game in regards to environmental sustainability when compared to its competitors. They partnered with a conservation group that provides parley derived from the ocean. Adidas has taken action to limit their CO2 emissions by setting up a new sustainability plan. Their sustainability report states that their plan involves cutting their emissions by three percent annually, and with this, they have created an eKPI 2.0 programmer to set targets in all three energy, waste, and water. They hope to reach their twenty percent energy-saving target by 2020. The company has also focused on receiving LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification for their new projects. Having LEED certification will ensure that the company’s sites are energy-efficient and eco-friendly. Adidas has also focused on a system called IMS (Integrated Management system) in hopes to tackle the negative impact of climate change at their facilities. The objective that Adidas is trying to carry out is indirectly aimed at other companies in hopes that they will also take action and follow the methods employed by them. Kasper Rorsted, CEO of Adidas stated the following: “We are one of the very few companies that integrate sustainability into their business model, which becomes most visible in the fact that we take sustainability to the product level. But we do not stop there. We not only see sustainability as an opportunity to get a competitive advantage. We see it as an obligation for us as a global company to do business in a responsible and sustainable way.” This is a step in the right direction, Adidas is revolutionizing and taking initiative. Shifting to the production of the world-famous Parley Ultraboost is interesting. The shift to using new materials that help fix the environmental damage already caused by consumerism is evolutionary, but a small-scale change sometimes does not drastically change the huge environmental effect already caused by companies such as Adidas. In 2015 Adidas announced that they would be shifting to intelligent robotic technology, which is a new tech which planned to help reduce their environmental impact. Adidas and Parley has not be able to produce the shoes in high supplies because their designs are still prototypes. Although this might indeed be the case, the conservation group Parley has made progress with their production and extraction of ocean plastics. Kinetic energy is used from the removal of plastics out of the ocean by using different devices that collect all kinds of waste. Once they acquire the plastic from the oceans, they sort it and clean it. This also requires human labor work so the energy being used is chemical. After they put all the sorted plastic into containers they send it to their facilities. Fossil fuels are used to power the container carriers and trucks. After the extraction of the materials, they are sent to production factories. In 2015 total energy consumption was 34,821(MWh) at their own production sites. The plastic is then engineered into a durable yarn, which is later made into fabric. The end product is Parley. The second main ingredient that goes into the making of the Ultraboost is the boost midsole. Infinergy is processed differently compared to other materials. Foam is inserted in a molding machine which uses kinetic energy to form a lighter and springier material. The molding machine also uses thermal energy to press together the pre-foamed particles. Once the main materials are gathered, it is now time to design the shoe. Parley Ultraboost can come in different designs depending on the producer. The cold cement shoe assembly is commonly used by Adidas because it uses low temperatures to bond the components. A Strobel's bottom is used to make the shoe more flexible and lighter. The different parts are assembled and then steamed together. The energy being used here is kinetic and thermal. The shoes are then later packaged, labeled and ready for distribution. One thing that has not changed throughout the years is their methods of distribution, and the delivery method employed by Adidas to deliver their products to their consumers. The energy used varies from different types of distribution. Once the shoes made, it is time to get the product to the consumers. The energy used by distribution is quite significant. A dated study showed that in 2003 the transportation sector accounted for twenty-seven percent of the world energy consumption. This has increased at a steady rate. A 2015 study showed that total energy consumption of their distribution centres was 75,640 (MWh). Three methods of getting a product to a location are by air, water, or land. Adidas uses airplanes to get their products across long distances in a short time. Airplanes use non-renewable energy resources like crude oil or in other words petroleum. Based on the consumption per ATK (Available Ton-Kilometer) the industry has been able to drastically lower the fuel consumption in the last forty years. Distribution by water is also another method companies like Adidas utilize. Container ships use bunker oil which is the residue of crude oil. Container ships are big polluters since it uses dirty oil for energy. To show how damaging they are to the environment, one massive container ship pollutes equally to fifty million cars. Lastly is by land, trucks are the most commonly used method of distribution. They use gasoline or diesel depending on the size of the truck. All three use primary energy sources which are non-renewable and cause CO2 emissions. It is difficult to limit the negative footprint that distribution has on the ecosystem because fossil fuel is more accessible and effective than other types of energy sources. Once the life of the Parley Ultraboost has come to an end, Adidas has focused on creating a closed loop product. In 2012 they launched a program called sustainable footprint, it is a voluntary recycling program in which Adidas takes back damaged shoes. They usually take the products into the secondhand market or recycle them into secondary raw materials. The energy being used is both kinetic and thermal. There is also a small percentage of shoes that are not recycled, so they disposed of. This recycling process helps the environment and reduces Adidas’ negative footprint. The energy usage of Adidas shoes has shifted massively, Adidas has focused on how they can limit the damage they do to the environment. The overall cycle of parley Ultraboost has been a step in the correct direction that many companies can learn from. The energy cycle of Parley Ultraboost is efficient and good for the environment. Although this might be the case there will always be an increase in general energy usage. Many companies need to learn how to limit their energy consumption and CO2 emission. Adidas has tried to revolutionize their methods of production but still lack in the distribution aspect. It is important to limit energy use because sooner or later the planet will fail to sustain our society. Fossil fuels are damaging the ecosystem so big companies like Adidas need to take action and change. Consumerism will not stop and energy consumptions will continue to rise. Bibliography “Adidas Publishes Annual Sustainability Report.” SGB Online, 27 Apr. 2017, sgbonline.com/adidas-publishes-annual-sustainability-report/. “Aircraft Energy Use.” Whatwhenhow RSS, what-when-how.com/energy-engineering/aircraft-energy-use/. “As Stretchy as Rubber but Also Light and Springy.” Infinergy: BASF Develops the First Expanded TPU : BASF Polyurethanes, www.polyurethanes.basf.de/pu/solutions/en/content/group/News_und_Medien/Presseinformationen/Infinergy_BASF_develops_expanded_TPU. “Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions.” ACS Publications, pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es981227l. “Energy Use for Transportation.” Factors Affecting Gasoline Prices - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy - Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_transportation. Evans, Paul. “Big Polluters: One Massive Container Ship Equals 50 Million Cars.” New Atlas - New Technology & Science News, New Atlas, 24 Apr. 2009, newatlas.com/shipping-pollution/11526/. “How Adidas Makes Shoes.” Page Redirection, 28 Oct. 2017, sneakerfactory.net/sneakers/2017/10/how-adidas-makes-shoes/. “Innovation.” Adidas, www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/products/sustainability-innovation/#/adidas-nodye/reducing-waste-and-emissions-adidas-formotiontm-technology/. “OCEAN PLASTIC.” PARLEY, www.parley.tv/oceanplastic/#the-mission. Pratap, Abhijeet. “Adidas Supply Chain and Distribution Network.” Cheshnotes, 15 Nov. 2018, www.cheshnotes.com/supply-chain-management-at-adidas/. Pratt, David. “Adidas Targets Annual Energy Consumption with New Sustainability Plan.” Current, 18 Apr. 2016, www.current-news.co.uk/news/adidas-targets-annual-energy-consumption-with-new-sustainability-plan. “Read ‘Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use’ at NAP.edu.” National Academies Press: OpenBook, www.nap.edu/read/12794/chapter/5#158. Szmydke, Paulina. “Adidas to Launch Shoe Collection From Recycled Plastic.” WWD, WWD, 18 Apr. 2016, wwd.com/fashion-news/sportswear/adidas-launch-shoes-recycled-plastic-ocean-parley-10410965/. “Environment.” Adidas: Vision and Governance: Vision and Values, sustainabilityreport.adidas-group.com/en/SER2008/Performance-Data/Performance-Data-Environment-Data.asp. Marcus DuBois DES 40A Professor Cogdell 28 November 2018 Waste and Pollution of Parley x Adidas Ocean Plastic Ultraboost Life Cycle Analysis According to the Environmental Protection Agency, “ An LSA [Life Cycle Assessment] is a comprehensive method for assessing a range of environmental impacts across the full life cycle of a product system, from materials acquisition to manufacturing, use, and final disposition.” The life cycle can be viewed through three lenses: The life cycle assessment can be viewed through three lenses: The energy, the raw materials, and the waste. The waste is not only what is left over when the final product is discarded; it is an all encompassing view of waste produced from every process used to make product. One particularly interesting product is a pair of Parley x Adidas running shoes. Parley is an organization with a mission to clean up ocean plastic and upcycle it. Although Parley and Adidas are doing an outstanding job cleaning up waste from other products and using ocean plastic to create shoes reduces waste in our oceans, the waste produced in the process of assembling and transporting these sneakers is equally important to consider. A few main areas that contribute to the waste in this process are the waste from electricity used, the waste from transporting products, and the waste from converting and using recycled plastic in the final product. The creation of the electricity, used by the factories and machines that create Parley recycled plastic yarn and adidas shoes, makes some harmful byproducts. Unfortunately, I was not able to find any specific research on my product, but many others have researched electricity and its costs in a general way. I have combined research from a variety of sources in order to give a rough view of how electricity impacts the creation of Parley x Adidas running shoes. The most important component of these shoes is the recycled plastic yarn that goes into each shoe. Alibaba is a popular chinese business to business sales website which has details about hundreds of machines for shoe production. I found a similar machine that might be used in the factory Adidas sources from to transform recycled plastic into yarn. According to the product details, One machine uses “85 KW” per hour to produce 50 kg of material (2018). The machine was not specifically marketed to produce yarn for clothing but I am making the assumption that a machine like this can produce the same material Adidas uses. Carnegie Mellon’s website claims that for a power plant running at 33% efficiency “we need 450 grams coal for 1 KWh of electricity” (2003). If we agree with these assumptions, this machine alone uses 38.25 kg of coal every hour. This number may not be so alarming but let’s take a look at an Adidas factory’s power consumption. Adidas is a aware of the importance of sustainability so they are an open book when it comes to the life cycles of their products. In a “sustainability report,” they show their footwear factory in Germany uses “1,578,340 kwh/y.” Using Carnegie Mellon’s assumptions again we can assume that Adidas’ footwear factory uses 710,253 kgs of coal each year. In addition the same factory also creates “260.2” tons of physical waste each year (2008). To finally get to the issue at hand, burning coal is harmful. The U.S. Energy Information Administration explains that coal produces such chemical compounds as, “Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Particulate matter (PM), [and] Heavy metals such as mercury.” Each of these compound has its own side effect; they include deteriorating the ozone, causing acid rain, and hazard to human and animal health. The EIA also notes that “electricity generation is one of the leading sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.” They estimate it to be around 40% of the energy related CO2 in the United States (2017). Notice, that the Adidas footwear factory uses enough electricity to warnet over 700,000 kgs of coal to be burned, all generating harmful aforementioned byproducts. From the information I have gathered, it seems quite clear that the reusing of ocean plastic of Parley x Adidas Ultraboost still comes with the price of emissions caused by creating electricity to power a typical adidas factory . Electricity production and use has long been inefficient and is dying for an innovation that can capture the energy lost to heat. The heart of the Parley initiative is pure, but waste from electrical energy alone casts a dim light on the noble effort to clean up our increasingly bottle-ridden ocean. Another overlooked portion of the waste lense in a life cycle analysis is the transportation of internally and externally. The process of transporting raw materials and products creates a tremendous amount of harmful waste. Adidas and Parley are responsible for for the shipment of raw materials to the factory; once products are assembled they are also responsible for transporting their shoes to a to warehouse for holding. In order to ship large quantities Adidas uses three main modes of transportation: sea freight, trucks, and air freight. According to the reports Adidas has published, in 2008 they maintained a shipping mix of 96% of footwear by sea freight, 2% by truck, and 2% by air freights (2008). Each of these methods of shipment, similar to electricity use, come with a certain level of emissions from burning fossil fuels. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) acknowledges that “aviation emissions affect both air quality and the global climate.” Although aviation is “a relatively small contributor to emissions of concern for both air quality and climate change,” the emissions “occur in the climatically sensitive upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where they may have a disproportionate impact on climate.” CO2, which is released by burning fossil fuels, accounts for 70% of the exhaust from airlines. The rest is almost entirely water vapor asided form less than 1% being gross-pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides (2015). Adidas only shipped 2% of footwear by air freight in 2008 so this accounts for a very small amount of the waste that they are making. Adidas’ most widely used shipping method for their footwear is sea freight. Unfortunately I was unable to find any government or academic sources outlining the waste that accompanies this method of shipping. Instead I used Oceana, an international organization with a long list of academics on its council and a driven mission is to protect the oceans. According to Oceana’s information of shipping pollution, ships emit “various global warming pollutants, including black carbon (BC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitrous oxide (N2O),” along with CO2 (2018). Unlike the FAA they do not detail to what percent these chemicals are produced. I can not confidently relate the ratio of pollutants from aviation to sea shipment due to the difference in combustion processes while converting fossil fuels. I would more closely compare sea freight to trucking, Adidas’ third transportation method. Automobile exhaust is a “significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions” (Marr, 3093). Like air freight Adidas allocates very few of its shipments to trucking, meaning that this is not a significant factor in the waste portion of an Adidas x Parley Ultraboost life cycle. Sea freighting is highlighted as the largest method by far for Adidas to ship. When answering frequently asked questions they briefly acknowledge that the transportations cost may outweigh the benefit. After being asked if “the pollution caused by transporting the plastic waste to Taiwan not outweigh the benefits of collecting it in the first place?” During a Q&A, they responded: “Our primary focus is combatting plastic pollution,” and “we are working with our partners at Parley for the Oceans on increasing the number of plastic collection points in an effort to steadily reduce transport distances and the environmental impact of the production process.” It is relieving to see that Adidas is making improvement to combat issues with waste from shipping. Transportation clearly leads to an abundant amount of hazardous waste; the waste from the recycled plastic thread is not so clearly negative. Using recycled plastic as thread leads to some benefits and some concerns regarding waste. Plastic is a revolutionary material that has made the creation of countless innovations and creations possible. Knowing the boundless opportunity present in plastic’s cost and moldability what is to stop producers from making everything out of plastic? The answer is the waste and hazards. Plastics do not biodegrade, therefore one they are chemically manifested, they are very hard to get rid of. When “55 plastic polymers were ranked based on monomer classifications, and assessed,” the most hazardous have a “large market share and are made of mutagenic and/or carcinogenic monomers” (Lithner, 3312). When creating their shoes in collaboration with Parley, Adidas is avoiding virgin polyester and opting for recycled plastics. Adidas says this switch “reduces our dependency on petroleum, allows us to discharge less waste and and reduces toxic emissions from incinerators” (2018). Adidas is defending the switch to recycled plastic with the basis that it will eliminate the need to use more petroleum to create virgin polyester. Using less fossil fuels it great because that means less greenhouse gases and hazardous waste on combustion. The production of a Primeknit shoe like the Adidas x Parley Ultraboost includes sewing and knitting; hence the name Primeknit. This process leads to its own concentration of waste, but it seems much more promising than the alternative. Traditionally shoe shae been created by cutting large sheets of fabric into a usable pattern. This would leave “30% or more material to be discarded.” Companies including Adidas have approached this issue with the Primeknit solution. The introduction of knitted uppers has reduced the wasted raw materials by 80% (Shah 2018). The Ultraboost silhouette created by Adidas, is a sneaker that uses this Primeknit technology. In regards to the life cycle analysis of the Adidas x Parley Ultraboost, this is a great decrease in the waste created during the production stage. It is a great benefit that Adidas is now mixing Primeknit with recycled plastic yarn. Using synthetics from recycled plastic sounds like the ultimate substitute for standard polyester. Unfortunately, the shoes all go to the same place and there is a downside when it comes to the waste-while-worn these products cause. This is because “every time a synthetic garment — one made of manmade rather than natural fibers — goes through the spin and rinse cycle in a washing machine, it sheds a large number of plastic fibers.” Most washing machines don’t have fine enough filters to catch the tiny particles and neither do sewage plants (Alberts 2014). Luckily most people do not put their shoes in the washing machine. This means that these tiny plastic fibers are breaking off and floating into the air never to be seen again. Additionally at the end of the line these shoes will end up in the same place as any other old shoe does. The four main options for a shoe at the end of its life (EoL). These are: “landfill, incineration/gasification, reuse and recycling.” Landfills are costly and don’t solve the problem of waste just ignore it. Incineration creates toxic emissions. Reuse is a good solution but only postpones the EoL for a later date. The absolute best option for the end of life is recycling. This process gives a worn out product new life in a multifaceted approach that can create insulation, concrete filler, and even more shoes (Shah 2017). The life cycle assessment of Parley x Adidas shoes reveals an interesting side of recycling and the waste that can be involved. During this paper many instances in the life cycle of an Adidas x Parley Ultraboost were clearly producers of waste. Waste from processes like fossil fuel recovery (oil mining) and human waste from factory workers should be considered when thinking about the life cycle of an Adidas x Parley Ultraboost. Sometimes the cost of recycling a product outweighs the benefit. In the case of Parley and Adidas Ultraboost it is clear which it is in its current state. Adidas claims that each shoe eliminates 11 bottles from the ocean and they have already produced over 1 million shoes (2018). If we assume that they have cleared 11 million bottles in just about two years then it is likely that they can make some changes to transportation and electricity consumption, this can become a very impressive and sustainable initiative. Technology must advance and create lifelong solutions to these decade long problems. Bibliography Alberts, Elizabeth C. “Recycled Plastic Clothing: Solution or Threat?” Autumn 2018:A Special Edition Exploring the Links between the Environment and Women's Rights :Autumn 2018 :: Earth Island Journal, Earth Island Journal, 15 Dec. 2014, www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/recycled_plastic_clothing_solution_or_threat/. Aviation Emissions, Impacts & Mitigation A Primer. FAA, Jan. 2015, www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/policy_guidance/envir_policy/media/Primer_Jan2015.pdf. “Electricity and the Environment.” Factors Affecting Gasoline Prices - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy - Energy Information Administration, Nov. 2017, www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=electricity_environment. “Environmental Data For Our Main Administration Offices And Own Production Site.” Adidas: Vision and Governance: Vision and Values, Adidas Group , 2008, sustainabilityreport.adidas-group.com/en/SER2008/Performance-Data/Performance-Data-Environment-Data.asp. Lithner, Delilah. “Environmental and Health Hazard Ranking and Assessment of Plastic Polymers Based on Chemical Composition.” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 409, no. 18, 15 Aug. 2011, pp. 3309–3324. Marr, Linsey C., et al. “Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 33, no. 18, 13 Aug. 1999, pp. 3091–3099., doi:10.1021/es981227l. “Materials.” Adidas Sustainability , Adidas Group , 2018, www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/products/materials/. “Pet Recycle Polyester Staple Fiber Making Machine/Pp Pe Twine Yarn Extruder Extrusion Line - Buy Pet Recycle Polyester Staple Fiber Making Machine/Pp Pe Twine Yarn Extruder Extrusion Line,Pp Yarn Extruder Machine,Plastic Filament Extruder Product on Alibaba.com.” Www.alibaba.com, www.alibaba.com/product-detail/pet-recycle-polyester-staple-fiber-making_60763160920.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.22.7c715c30c976Hn. “Q&A Adidas X Parley Partnership.” Q&A Adidas X Parley Partnership, Adidas Group , www.adidas-group.com/media/filer_public/16/29/16299d3c-ad48-4f62-a8ef-c44c25fa4e5a/adidas_x_parley_qa_website_en.pdf. “Science Notes: Energy Accounting and Balance.” Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 2003, environ.andrew.cmu.edu/m3/s3/05account.shtml. Shah, Bhargavi. “To Study the Waste Caused by Discarded Footwear in India and Finding a Solution for the Reduction of the Same.” National Institute of Fashion Technology , National Institute of Fashion Technology , 2018, pp. 1–73. “Shipping Pollution.” Oceana EU, Oceana, eu.oceana.org/en/shipping-pollution-1. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ucdavis-sshb daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544130493743-JDCVPFU48KDS52KMCQX4/Death+Star+Poster+11x14.jpeg UC Davis Social Sciences and Humanities Building https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1568142623651-609QMUPZXN4K1GSC0O4N/Death%2BStar%2BPoster%2B11x14.jpg UC Davis Social Sciences and Humanities Building http://www.designlife-cycle.com/master-lock daily 0.75 2018-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544133516196-0EPS3XML9JZTK0JGJ4LY/masterlocklifecycle.jpg Master Lock https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544135912559-S0MDVL0HT8IGF65VS7FY/lock.jpeg Master Lock Fig. 1. Marshall Brain, "Inside a Combination Lock", 1 April 2000, HowStuffWorks.com. <https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/inside-lock.htm> http://www.designlife-cycle.com/polyurethane-wheels daily 0.75 2018-12-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544219935748-TTYEZ85Z4FEGEIOGS70X/Polypng.png Polyurethane Skateboard Wheels http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cottonfittedsheets daily 0.75 2019-09-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544162229009-1B3S0AIY38EVVASGT4AB/DES40A+Poster+.png Cotton Fitted Bed Sheets http://www.designlife-cycle.com/spray-paint daily 0.75 2018-12-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544231208167-XPC2CRL243AGGYV68FE9/Des40a+final+poster.jpg Spray Paint-Design Life-Cycle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tarte-lipstick-lifecycle daily 0.75 2018-12-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544237974157-BE1ITCMFYF522QYVVRIR/DES40A_TarteLipstick_Poster.jpg Tarte Lipstick http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rigid-plastic-coolers daily 0.75 2018-12-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1544248924199-L2PGX9OF15XGQMZBFJUQ/DES40A_Poster_rigid-plastic-coolers-final.JPG Rigid Plastic Coolers Poster designed by: Jake Huang, Cynthia Osborn, and Agness Ma for DES40A-03 with Dr. Christina Cogdell and T.A. Kahui Lim http://www.designlife-cycle.com/search-contents daily 0.75 2019-09-11 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/dr-martens-1460-boot daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575468839732-90V3CAYSP9S3ANUQ3MRB/40A-Doc-Martens-1460-Group-Poster-01.jpg Dr. Martens 1460 Boot http://www.designlife-cycle.com/image-sensor daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575429192518-T6WSOAUIXGG9P3FIFATJ/Image+Sensor+Life-Cycle+Poster+Revised.jpg Image Sensor http://www.designlife-cycle.com/reknkenbckpck daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1574990309995-ZOL0I591Y1CPFKLFWWMN/DES40A.Poster+%281%29.jpg Re-Kånken Backpack http://www.designlife-cycle.com/synthetic-wigs daily 0.75 2019-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575331998674-JGP7TWTVJXLMJ4A9326U/75B490A3-D27E-4D83-B915-7882B8633177.png Synthetic Wigs Marisa Quiros Gaby and Mayra DES 40A Professor Cogdell Wigs: Raw material Life Cycle Wigs are used in a variety of different ways for many different customers and candidates; the stylized and fashionable accessory that is a wig appears in society more often than one might be predisposed to assume. Often hidden through their meticulous and seamless methods of application, wigs are often seen in the media where celebrities and trendsetters are shown experimenting with bold and new cuts, color and style. Wigs are seen ubiquitously in the daily lives of many ranging ethnic groups who often add synthetic hair strands in order to complement their natural hair texture. Wigs are also found in more emotionally intense situations where hair loss occurs in patients affected by medical treatments, showing yet another way wigs make their way into our everyday lives. As the fashion industry continues to grow to use wigs to appease their ever-evolving demands, and advancements in cancer treatments bear no end in sight, there has been an influx in the necessity of wigs that is steadily increasing. With this increase in the demand for wigs comes an obvious increase in the necessity for wig production, assembly and processing. In particular, synthetic wigs, utilize a hearty majority of the wig creating process overall, though real hair wigs face immense processing as well. Specifically focusing on synthetic wigs, the production process has continuously achieved the successfully completed result, a wig, that can be instrumental in forming a piece of a person’s identity, despite the abundance of environmental and impacts concerned with the specificity of the production materials. Keeping in mind the assumed basic vanity and necessary uses of synthetic wigs, the at times controversial production of this product’s fabrication are inseparable from the nonerasable materials and environmentally damaging emissions. The raw materials used include many polymers and fibers of modacrylic, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, polyester, and nylon, all which impartially affect the earth’s natural functionality as their non-biodegradable qualities overtly show disturbances through manufacturing and production of these raw materials. Attempting to achieve the real feel, look and weight of actual human hair, synthetic hair goes through various chemical processes and transformations in ways that though gain a closer appearance to the look of natural human hair, by way disrupt the earth’s biological processes during disposal. In order to replicate the structure of real human hair as closely as possible the beginning steps to create the strands of hair begin under a microscope, literally. Naturally produced hair itself is a polymer and is thus the ideal method to reproduce like results is to essentially copy its chemical identity by making synthetic hair a polymer as well (Billmeyer). Keratin is used in real hair allowing a synthetic version to follow suit and use synthetic polymers. Often synthetic hair starts as one of two chemical routes; “single type, monofilament fibers (rare), or a combination of two or three, polyfilament, fibers (common)” as the base of the primary material within the chemical structure of a synthetic hair strand. This important structure is also known as a macromolecule. A macromolecule or polymer is made of many atoms forming small molecules which are chemically bound to one another to create large molecules. With one major role of a polymer being responsible for the producing of “tissue[s] and other components in living organisms”, polymers have highly specific structures to allow for the flexibility, strength and adaptability needed in an organism’s life (Bailey). These synthetic polymers are distinctively made up of molecules with structural features that repeat themselves over and over again creating a long chain of carbons and hydrogens (Gromisch). This method is in order to match the real hair as closely as possible. The way by which the faux hair is chemically bond and synthesized is crucial as it significantly can affect how the raw materials end up in terms of its life’s socio-economic popularity, and biodegradability. In this next portion I will be focusing on how a wigs attempts at mimicking natural hair leads to positive and negative impacts in both popularity and decomposition. In real hair, keratin has “exceptional properties of biodegradability and biocompatibility” unlike the artificially synthesized polymers created and used in synthetic wigs (Zhang). Synthetic polymers are “derived from petroleum oil” which are then incorporated in different materials, such as low-grade acrylic or nylon. The method of linking multiple polymers in a “melt or solvent spinning” technique allows for the artificial strand to utilize the properties found in naturally derived hair such as heat resistance or refraction properties(Whitehurst and Bailey). Polymers found in hair are a very important raw material as they are the base of the hair fiber therefore polymer chemistry makes up the basis of the raw acrylic or polyester foundation of synthetic strands (Gromisch). The complex chemistry that goes into making a single strand of hair links many strong carbon-carbon bonds by which are unable to be easily decompose unlike the naturally found peptide bonds compounded in the proteins and structures of organic materials. The aforementioned method used in the creation of synthetic hair however becomes essential in order to match real hair as closely as possible. The many layers that are incorporated into real hair include the medulla, cortex and cuticle (Fair Fashion). These three biological layers which make up a hair strand are artificially mimicked with synthetic raw materials through chemical combinations of polymers and fibers of modacrylic, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, polyester, acrylic and nylon. The chemicals used are formatted in an ultra-specific way in order to encapsulate faux hair strand’s shape, body and properties to then continue its life into production and assembly, where many more new and non-reusable products are added. The chemical significance of each strand of hair now takes on the role of “natural” hair and is pieced together on a mesh net to replicate a full head of hair. The hair’s ability to lay as natural hair would is essential and the raw, synthetic materials used in this assembly are crucial to production, however this process can be detrimental to environmental functionality. After the chemical and physical processes of the synthetic hair strands are completed, the individual pieces are taken to a mannequin and prepared to be assembled. The next major material used is the cap or net, which is a base material used to attach synthetic fibers. The hair cap is made of “lightweight, resistant, elastic and hypoallergenic materials” which is significant and necessary in order to be classified as “gentle on the skin” (Fair Fashion). There are a variety of methods to construct wig caps, but I will be specifically focusing on the most common method in the world of synthetic wigs. The most common method is using “Basic or Capless Construction” cap of wigs are weft strips of material which are attached using machinery to the frame or base of the cap. Wefting refers to how the hair is attached to the wig. The cap used in this method assembles the hair into rows or wefts. Wefts creates air flow and natural volume for the hair fibers (Wig Elegance). Often times an open design for wig caps are used which is important for user satisfaction as it helps provide a lighter, cooler, and more comfortable fit (The Wig Company). The entire construction of the wig cap is important for how the hair falls and lays on the head, attempting to look as realistic as possible. Some common materials used to create the cap and realistic look are nylon, cotton or mesh, each withholding its own pros and cons in production and wear. For example, cotton, though offering more easily degradable and less damaging waste, also leads to a less enjoyable wear as cotton creates itchy and irritating sensations on the scalp. In addition to cotton, nylon and mesh another important raw material used in the production process is electricity. Electricity is a secondary raw material used in the processing, shipping and distributing of the wigs. About 62% of electricity is from fossil fuels which is a combination of natural gas, coal and petroleum. (U.S. Electricity Generation). This electricity is used to power machinery in production, ship wigs and run facilities involved in production. The final product and end result of the happy customer shines through the rough destruction of earth’s welfare as the customer wears the wig, despite the laborious production process used achieve the end result, wigs serve their intended purpose. However, the life cycle in correlation to raw materials for the synthetic wig just begins to make its descent in its “shelf” life as the wig is thrown out or maybe even recycled. As the wig continues to descend in its life cycle the raw materials used to replenish its life or finish off the life cycle of the wig add to the list of raw materials being used in the overall wig process. In replenishment of synthetic hair wigs, washing and repair often lead to many sulfate free shampoos and more nutrient dense products which repair damage and breakage found in the strands. However, if the wig is unable to be revived and reused the product is often times sent to land fill, unable to decompose. Many sources I have found have claimed a recyclable program for synthetic wigs although a majority have minimal specifics and reference which leaves a gap in the materials used in recycle methods. More commonly sources recommend the potential reusability wigs have and suggests the potential of restructuring the strands into new forms such as clip ins or hair extensions (Wilson and Dawson). From the ground, beginning with chemical properties and plastic structures that make their way back into the ground in the form of emissions and waste, the raw materials used to create these elegant and beloved wigs are actually more damaging to the environment than anything else. All the artificially and chemically bound hair fibers which essentially form strings of plastic have been found to be the raw material in wigs that tends to leave the largest environmental footprint. Unfortunately, these plastic fibers are essentially the bulk of the wigs raw materials and by way leave the wig to be very negatively impactful to the environment. Often times more affordable, synthetic hair only lasts roughly 4-6 months and comes with a long cycle of non-biodegradable and non-reusable drawbacks (Orlova). Plastic as a primary raw material is extremely detrimental to our environment, sitting in landfill for what some sources estimate to being roughly 500+ years, and additionally the many chemicals bond in these strands leave some synthetic strand to never be fully decompose. For something as seemingly insignificant in the span of the many harmful contaminants to the earth, wigs exhaust an unbelievable amount of natural resources/materials through their technologically advanced processes of production and assembly. The wig life cycle in relation to the raw materials it depletes has exposed the detrimental role plastic has on our earth and reprimands the cost plastic has to societal life and structure. Making hidden appearances in magazines, television and in day to day life, wigs have proven to be omniscient in both fashion and everyday wear. Despite its environmental drawbacks presented in a synthetic wig’s life cycle, the product appears to remain sessile in our society. The continual use of the primary raw materials used in synthetic wigs such as polyester, acrylic and nylon to name a few, have created damaging emissions and waste which continuously compromise our ecosystem and overall human health. The popularity of plastic, the base of each hair strand, has become a raw material that is found in many products, and withholds the reputation that is a necessity in society overall. Conclusively the manufacturing, distributing, and use of plastic persists no end as it relies on a linear life cycle by which decomposition never occurs. Consequentially, the earth faces continual damage as plastic proceeds to be synthesized and widespread. In order to revitalize the planet, limiting plastic use has been pushed in society in order to lessen plastic waste and allow the earth to heal from the toxins it has been exposed to. Resorting to paper rather than plastic, natural hair wigs rather than synthetic and making use of reusable and compostable products will effectively lead for a more ecofriendly life and beneficially lessen one’s carbon footprint. Bibliography Bailey, Regina. “What Are Biological Polymers?” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 24 May 2019, www.thoughtco.com/biological-polymers-373562. Billmeyer, Jr, Fred W. Textbook of Polymer Science. Troy, New York: John Wiley and Sons , Inc, 1971. Dawson, Joydan, and Joydan D'nay. “Stop Throwing Them Away! Ways to Recycle Your Old Hair Extensions.” Private Label Extensions, 1 Mar. 2019, www.privatelabelextensions.com/recycle-old-hair-extensions/. Gromisch, Maryann, “How is Synthethic Hair Made?” Our Everyday Life, 31 Oct. 2018 https://oureverydaylife.com/how-is-synthetic-hair-made-3946630.html “How Much of the US Electricity Generation Is Attributed to Coal? - TOXMAP FAQ.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/faq/2009/08/how-much-of-the-us-electricity-generation-is-attributed-to-coal.html. Orlova, Tamara A, “Let’s Talk Synthethic Wigs, and Prevailing Ignorance Within the Industry.” Ikon London Magazine, 16 July, 2018 https://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/lets-talk-synthetic-wigs-and-prevailing-ignorance-within-the-industry/ The Wig Company. “Wig Cap Types and Constructions.” The Wig Company, The Wig Company, 15 Sept. 2017, blog.thewigcompany.com/blog/wig-cap-construction-types. Whitehurst, Lesia. “Polytails and Urban Tumble Weaves: The Chemistry of Synthetic Hair Fibers.” 11.05.10: Polytails and Urban Tumble Weaves: The Chemistry of Synthetic Hair Fibers, teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/viewer/initiative_11.05.10_u. Fair Fashion . “Wig Production - An All You Need to Know Guide.” Natural Line, 20 Oct. 2016, www.natural-line.com/guides/all-you-need-to-know-about-wig-production/. Wig Elegance . “How to Choose a Wig Cap.” Wigelegancewigs.com, 2018, www.wigelegancewigs.com/how-to-choose-a-wig-cap/. Wilson, Nicky, et al. “Capturing the Life Cycle of False Hair Products to Identify Opportunities for Remanufacture.” SpringerLink, Springer Netherlands, 11 Feb. 2019, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13243-019-0067-0. Zhang, Zheng. “Keratin.” Keratin - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, 2014, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/keratin. Mayra Leon Garcia Professor Cogdell DES 40A December 2019 Synthetic Wigs Embodied Energy Synthetic wigs are products that consumers can purchase for an alternative use of natural hair. They can be bought brand new at beauty markets or online in various different styles ranging from a natural to unrealistic look. Consumers purchase synthetic wigs for many reasons such as personal health issues with hair, for personal style preferences, and for entertainment purposes. (WIGS: Wig Production Information) Depending on the complexity of style and the quality of the wig, more embodied energy will be needed throughout the lifecycle of them to help make them, maintain them, and dispose of them. The main prime movers for creating the work to make the energy to produce the wigs are humans and machines and the energy that exists throughout the process is mainly chemical, mechanical, and electrical. In the first part of the process of making synthetic wigs is extracting the raw materials. Making a synthetic product is different from a natural one. In the case of wigs, using human hair is an option but one that is highly expensive. Therefore the majority of wigs are synthetically made of various different man made materials such as polyester because they are cheaper to make which is a chemical energy based process. With a polyester based wig, polyester is a material made from petroleum, coal, air, and water which in this case are not only the primary fuels to make the polyester fibers themselves but also serve as the materials. ( Polyester) The embodied energy of the lifecycle of a synthetic wig also grows if the wig is made of different materials to make the synthetic hair have certain properties. For example, a good synthetic wig will have good texture that doesn’t become dull quickly, is not prone to breakage easily, retains its color well, and resemble the feel of natural hair. All of these examples will create additional steps in the manufacturing process and therefore require more machines and more chemical and electrical energy. An example of this material is toyokalon, which is a popular material for making synthetic wigs in Asia because it is known for being heat resistant. ( What is Synthetic Hair Made Of?) This allows the wigs to be styled with hair styling tools such as hair straighteners and curlers which may also be included in the life cycle of synthetic wigs for being an additional form of energy. These hair styling tools us electrical energy to generate power to create heat. This type of thermal energy helps change the structure of the material to be able to hold a certain hairstyle such as curls or waves and be straightened again after without damaging the hair strands. With the system at work the hair strands are able to look and feel similar to natural human hair in various styles such as straight long blonde hair or curly purple short hair. The more complex the style of hair the more nonrenewable energy is also used to power the machinery to create them. If the wigs are being made by hand by an individual, then the energy required will mainly be chemical. The individual needs to have enough energy to be able to pick out the right set of hair, brush it and prepare it, and apply the various strands to a wig cap the part that holds all of the hair together in one piece. In order to have a good quality wig this process takes various hours because looping the strands of hair is time consuming. Therefore the individual making the wig should consume a good amount of food adequately from carbohydrates, protein, and fat which provide calories the basic unit of energy for humans. (How Do Humans Get Energy) All of which are a good source of energy to be able to work efficiently. Once the synthetic wigs have been made the process of distributing them for sale to consumers arises. After they have been made in a manufacturing facility, the packaged products have to be transported to various different locations such as retail stores or even directly to the consumer’s home. Depending on where the synthetic wigs are manufactured, the energy needed to transport the product overseas and into a retail store on the other side of the world will be larger than if the product was made domestically in the United States and purchased in the United States. The different types of transportation vehicles used to ship products are trucks, ships, trains, and planes. (How Transportation Pollution Impacts the Environment) The bigger the transportation vehicle used the more nonrenewable energy such as coal and oil will be used to fuel the vehicle to travel longer distances. A reason why nonrenewable fuels are used instead of renewable sources of energy such as solar is because renewable sources are not as reliable and cheap as nonrenewable fuels. Nonrenewable fuels create the electrical energy to power the vehicles faster and more reliant and create the mechanical energy to actually move the vehicle. Which makes the time to transport the product worldwide faster and preferable for consumers wanting to get a hold of the product as quickly as possible. (How Transportation Pollution Impacts the Environment) An effect of all the energy used in the distribution and transportation process that occurs is the release of certain gases on the environment. For example greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which are released from burning gasoline and diesel some forms of fossil fuels. (Carbon Pollution from Transportation) This is important to consider in the lifecycle of products such as synthetic wigs because the more transportation there is the more these gases are released and have negative effects on the planet. As for the human individuals who are conducting and driving the vehicles require food as their main source of fuel which as stated before is chemical energy that comes from the calories of the macronutrients to be able to work skillfully and efficiently throughout the long hours of transporting products overseas by plane or ship, unloading the products, and then transporting them by trucks to retail centers. Once in retail locations, human employees have to unload them from the trucks and get them up on shelves to be ready for purchase. This part is mostly done by animate prime movers, the employees who work on arranging them for display in brick and mortar stores. However with the increase of online shopping there is no need for a retail location to purchase, a warehouse can store the wigs and be mailed to the consumer directly from an online supplier. This sale online, where the consumer has to have access of the image of the wig, needs employees to create pictures of the product and upload the description of it online as well as ship it once purchased. For the various wigs being sold workers in the United States may work full time and therefore need enough energy for this process as well to perform the job efficiently. The last step to remain is to have it transported again to the consumer which requires a mailing carrier. In the United States mail arrives by mail workers in small vehicles traveling city wide distances and therefore require enough fuel to be able to deliver the product. When a consumer finally gets their purchase of their synthetic wig they might use it frequently or for just a one time use but the application process requires little energy if it is a simple wig to apply. The majority of wigs come with a head cap this is applied on the head and to keep the person’s real hair contained and hidden so it doesn’t fall out and and to create an even layer to be able to secure the wig properly on the head. Therefore this is a very simple hands on application and only requires caloric energy from food to fuel the individual to have the energy to create the mechanical movements of moving their hands and arms to apply the wig. Maintaining a wig also requires minimal energy. Wigs need to be brushed gently and correctly depending on the texture of the strands of the hair, if prone to knots then more brushing will be needed by the consumer. As well as be stored in dry areas and be washed with certain wig maintenance products to keep it looking good. Some wigs may be washed in the washing machine and this requires electrical energy to power the machine but they are for the most part easy to maintain. Synthetic wigs will eventually lose some of their properties and the consumer will most likely dispose of it and will most likely end up in a landfill. Since synthetic wigs are made of synthetic materials these do not biodegrade. (Let’s Talk Synthetic Wigs, and Prevailing Ignorance Within the Industry) It takes hundreds to thousands of years to even break down small parts of the synthetic material. Generally if the synthetic wig has more properties and is made of more than one material, it is very difficult to break down. This is true with a lot of synthetic materials for example faux leather and faux fur which also have the purpose of imitating organic material. This way of product design has been able to occur because of the ability of making synthetic materials has become easily attainable in today’s world due to inexpensive, available fossil fuels. This way of manufacturing is the reason why products are made quickly and has fueled the demand of inexpensive products from all over the world. Another reason this has become the normal way of manufacturing is because in comparison with biodegradable materials, biodegradable materials are renewable which means that they come from organic substances that will take a longer time to grow therefore requiring more energy and therefore can not be produced in large masses in a short period of time. That is why human hair made wigs are more expensive since the time to grow hair takes months to years depending on the length desired and only certain people donate or sell hair which makes it even more rare to have human hair wigs the main preference. This leads to synthetic wigs being disposed of after 4-6 months and can easily be bought again. (Capturing the Life Cycle of False Hair Products to Identify Opportunities for Remanufacture) The majority of them are sitting in landfills not being able to break down. Non biodegradable materials can find their way into soil, water, and air. (What Synthetic Materials are Doing to Our Environment) This can be harmful to animals such as birds and fish that may try to consume the waste and harm their health and possibly kill them.(What are the Effects of Non-Biodegradable Waste?) Therefore getting wigs to be recycled would be beneficial to the environment and living organisms. However there is not enough research demonstrating that wigs are recycled already. A reason that synthetic wigs may not be recycled is mostly for the lack of recycling centers operating today. The process of recycling requires a significant amount of energy to be able to break down synthetic materials that are for the most part non biodegradable. Complex recycling machines involve complex steps in order to break down the product and make it into a new material in order to create something else. Making these machines therefore is a high investment to fund as well. Humans are involved in all parts of the lifecycle of wigs working with machines to make the process easier and faster. In the process there are also different types of energy forms such as chemical when making the raw materials, mechanical through the manufacturing and distribution system, and chemical from animate prime movers such as humans needing food and the biodegradability of them. Bibliography Bradley Ross, Charlie. “What Synthetic Materials are Doing to Our Environment.” The Sustainable Fashion Collective, 11 April 2017 Synthetic-materials-environment “Carbon Pollution from Transportation.” United States Environmental Protection Agency https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/carbon-pollution-transportation “How Do Humans Get Energy.” Reference h ttps://www.reference.com/health/humans-energy-14ea640dbf74095c Lee, Kevin. “What are the Effects of Non-Biodegradable Waste?” Sciencing, 23 April 2018 https://sciencing.com/effects-nonbiodegradable-waste-8452084.html Marion, Gary. “How Transportation Pollution Impacts the Environment” The Balance Small Business, 2 5 June. 2019 https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-transportation-pollution-impacts-the-environment- 415854 Orlova, Tamara A. “Let’s Talk Synthetic Wigs, and Prevailing Ignorance Within the Industry.” Ikon London Magazine, 1 6 July, 2018 https://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/lets-talk-synthetic-wigs-and-prevailing-ignorance-within-the-industry/ “Polyester.” How Products Are Made , www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Polyester.html . Ray, Linda. “What is Synthetic Hair Made Of?” Our Everyday Life, 31 Oct. 2018 https://oureverydaylife.com/what-is-synthetic-hair-made-of-12174249.html Ricklin, Beda. “WIGS: Wig Production Information.” SWICOFIL , 2012 www.swicofil.com/consult/industrial-applications/other-applications/wigs Wilson, Nicky. et al. “Capturing the Life Cycle of False Hair Products to Identify Opportunities for Remanufacture.” SpringerLink, Springer Netherlands, 11 Feb. 2019 link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13243-019-0067-0. Synthetic Wigs: Waste and Pollution Gabriela Avalos Group: Marisa Quiros, Mayra León García DES 40A Professor Cogdell Wigs are very popular amongst many cultures around the world along with people affected by illnesses that cause hair loss. There are two types of wigs including real human hair, and synthetic. The topic of this paper is synthetic wigs because they are more manufactured than real human hair wigs. The main differences between the two types of wigs, are material and price. Synthetic wigs are much cheaper to produce and easier to sell. Synthetic wigs do not require as much maintenance and commitment that real human hair wigs require. This makes the synthetic wigs much more accessible due to their low prices, and low maintenance cost. Synthetic wigs are an important topic to research because they are so popular but are contributing to such detrimental effects on the environment. Many users of synthetic wigs are influenced by popular culture and purchase these wigs without knowing about the production process which leads to little awareness to the afterlife of a wig when thrown out. Many consumers of synthetic wigs start to experiment with the cheaper alternative to real human hair. On average, a synthetic wig has a life span of 4-6 months of daily use with maintenance. Often times beginning users do not invest time or money on synthetic wigs because they are seen as something so easily replaceable. An example of this being during the Halloween season where many people purchase synthetic wigs for the sole purpose of using it a single time with their costume. When wigs are purchased with this mindset, it leads to more wigs in landfills where they will remain for centuries. The process of creating these synthetic wigs involves processing plastic fibers such as: polyester, acrylic and polyvinyl. These 3 main materials are made to replicate the look and feel of human hair. The first material, polyester, is made from petroleum byproducts, alcohol and carboxyl acid. The petroleum by product used in the process releases greenhouse gasses during production. Polyester is not biodegradable, meaning once it is thrown out, will not decompose. Polyester also contains carcinogens that can affect workers making these wigs as well as the users. If the polyester fibers are released into the environment, the fibers will break apart into tiny particles that are nearly impossible to filter out of the water. As the tiny particles make there way into the water, many aquatic animals ingest them. As the animals continue to ingest the particles, they begin to fill the stomach of these creatures with plastic that is not digestible. This leads to starvation and ultimately death of these animals. The next material used is Acrylic. Acrylic is made from natural gas and petroleum. Acrylic releases very toxic fumes during manufacturing which affects the workers as well as further pollute the planet. Most of the materials used to create synthetic wigs are produced in Asian countries. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production process fill the factories that the workers spend most of their day in. Synthetic wigs are made from harsh chemicals that over time may affect the workers and surrounding areas of the factories. Many of the factories have shut down due to very poor working environments posing as a serious health hazard to the workers. The materials are produced and processed in these same countries before being exported as final products. The product is then distributed to hair companies that will build and style synthetic wigs. The transportation method depends on where the company is located. For example, if the company is based in the U.S. countries such as China will have to ship out the product across the world. Exporting goods through plane adds tremendous amounts of CO2 into the air, where as exporting by ship produces a significantly less amount of CO2. Wigs and hair extensions are expected to bring in a $10 Billion revenue by 2023. The amount of wigs being produced in the coming years will only contribute to more waste. All wigs including real human hair and synthetic require maintenance. Maintenance of the wigs depends on the material. For synthetic hair, the maintenance consists of washing the wigs with special shampoo and conditioner to keep the fibers from drying and looking dull. This should be done every two weeks. This requires time and patience due to the delicacy of the fibers when wet. Heat can not be used at all on synthetic wigs because the plastics that create the fibers will burn and will ruin the wig. In order to dry the wig after washing, it must be dried by patting with a towel. By patting it too rough will cause the fibers to come loose from the wig cap. After patting it dry, it should be hung up to fully dry on its own. Many synthetic wig users do keep up with the maintenance, making the wig last its full potential of life which is 4-6 months. On the other hand, there are users who do not commit to the maintenance of synthetic wigs which causes the wigs to deteriorate at a quicker pace meaning it will be thrown out before reaching its full life expectancy. Wigs also require an adhesive so that it stays in place. There are many different types of adhesives used by wig users. Some adhesives are meant for long periods of use while others are intended for short periods of use. The production of adhesives contributes to the impact that synthetic wigs have on the environment as well. Synthetic wigs can be easily thrown out without thinking about the effects it will have on the environment. There is an option of recycling synthetic wigs instead of throwing them away. There are companies such as TerraCycle that recycle synthetic hair, all you have to do is ship the hair in a box they provide. Once the company receives the hair, they separate the hair and put it in the composting area. Once the synthetic hair is composted, the plastics in the fibers are turned into plastic polymers. There are other methods of recycling synthetic wigs but it is very energy intensive and it releases greenhouse gases, as well as debris in the process. Recycling the materials used in synthetic wigs is a very expensive solution that leads to an even more expensive product from the recycled materials. Not very many companies will recycle synthetic wigs and similar products. Even more companies do not use the recycled material. Using the recycled material is very costly to companies and will be even more costly to the consumers. When synthetic wigs are thrown out they make their way to landfills. Synthetic wigs are not biodegradable and it will take roughly 500 years for the chemicals to “decompose”. Once the wig decomposes, the chemicals used in the production will still be present in the soil. These chemicals will eventually make their way into waterways. The materials used to make the synthetic wigs affect more than aquatic ecosystems, they can also affect the air we breathe. Materials such as acrylic are highly flammable, and contain carcinogens. As the wig decomposes, these chemicals are released into the atmosphere further polluting the planet. Most of the synthetic wigs that are thrown away go into incinerators where the plastic fibers are burned. “Plastic is a petroleum-based material, and when burned it’s like any other fossil fuel: it releases climate pollution. This in turn leads to rising sea levels, increased ocean and air toxicity, and destruction of coral reefs and other marine life.” When the plastic fibers are burned they create ashes that make their way into the air that we breathe further polluting the atmosphere which in turn retains more heat than what is being released. In all forms of waste, we can see that the materials used to create synthetic wigs are very harmful to the environment. Most of the materials are not biodegradable and are very difficult to recycle. Most of the waste produced from these wigs is due to the population’s ignorance of the consequences that come with purchasing these products. Based on the materials used to create synthetic wigs, we can understand that these materials are harmful to the environment in all forms of waste produced. There is a very significant amount of waste produced from synthetic wigs that is very harmful to the environment. The materials are made of different types of plastic fibers that are not biodegradable. While the materials used in the making of synthetic wigs are very cheap and easy to make, recycling them is very difficult and expensive. In order to reduce the amount of waste produced from synthetic wigs, the population needs to reduce the amount of synthetic wigs they purchase and throw out. Bibliography Billmeyer, Jr, Fred W. Textbook of Polymer Science. Troy, New York: John Wiley and Sons , Inc, 1971. Bolker, Henry I.. Natural and Synthetic Polymers. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1974. Brewer, Kirstie. “Untangling Where Your Hair Extensions Really Come From.” BBC News, BBC, 1 Nov. 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37781147. Chhabra, Esha. “Recycling Nylon Is Good for the Planet – so Why Don't More Companies Do It?” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 18 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/may/18/recycling-nylon-bureo-patagonia-sustainable-clothing. Orlova, Tamara A, “Let’s Talk Synthethic Wigs, and Prevailing Ignorance Within the Industry.” Ikon London Magazine, 16 July, 2018 Ricklin, Beda. “WIGS: Wig Production Information.” SWICOFIL, 2012, www.swicofil.com/consult/industrial-applications/other-applications/wigs. “· TerraCycle.” TerraCycle, https://www.terracycle.com/en-US/zero_waste_boxes/hair. Vornon, Merissa, and Nichole Maurer. “ What Are the Different Types of Wig Materials?” Wigelegancewigs.com, 2018, www.wigelegancewigs.com/different-types-wig-materials/. Wilson, Nicky, et al. “Capturing the Life Cycle of False Hair Products to Identify Opportunities for Remanufacture.” SpringerLink, Springer Netherlands, 11 Feb. 2019, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13243-019-0067-0. Whitehurst, Lesia. “Polytails and Urban Tumble Weaves: The Chemistry of Synthetic Hair Fibers.” 11.05.10: Polytails and Urban Tumble Weaves: The Chemistry of Synthetic Hair Fibers, teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/viewer/initiative_11.05.10_u. Jr, Esteban Robles, et al. “How Is Polyester Made? - How Is Polyester Made?” Craftech Industries, 14 Nov. 2019, https://www.craftechind.com/how-is-polyester-made/. Markets, Research and. “$10 Billion Hair Wigs and Extension Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2018-2023.” PR Newswire: Press Release Distribution, Targeting, Monitoring and Marketing, 4 Sept. 2018, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/10-billion-hair-wigs-and-extension-market---global-outlook-and-forecast-2018-2023-300706170.html. Bayron, Kalynn. “The Effects of Wig Adhesives.” Our Everyday Life, 10 Jan. 2019, https://oureverydaylife.com/the-effects-of-wig-adhesives-12532301.html. Francesca, et al. “The Environmental Impacts of Polyester.” Tortoise & Lady Grey, 30 Apr. 2019, https://www.tortoiseandladygrey.com/2016/08/29/environmental-impacts-polyester/. “Burning Plastic: Incineration Causes Air Pollution, Dioxin Emissions, Cost Overruns.” Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, 8 Aug. 2017, https://www.no-burn.org/burning-plastic-incineration-causes-air-pollution-dioxin-emissions-cost-overruns/. Fisher, Sam, et al. “The Untold Dangers of Synthetic Hair Extensions & Wigs (2019).” AiryHair.com, 25 Mar. 2019, https://www.airyhair.com/blog/why-synthetic-hair-can-be-dangerous/. Elven, Marjorie van. “How Sustainable Is Recycled Polyester?” Fashionunited, Fashionunited, 17 Nov. 2019, https://fashionunited.com/news/fashion/how-sustainable-is-recycled-polyester/2018111524577. https://www.quora.com/How-are-synthetic-wigs-made http://www.designlife-cycle.com/glade-plugins daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575483935142-PGEQRVLKQQNWT3T7DHPS/Glade_Research_Poster-3.0.jpg Glade Plugins http://www.designlife-cycle.com/paper-clips daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575490612454-24TLEI4USS3SKUFVBWN7/PaperClipLifeCyclePoster.jpg Paper Clips http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ceramic-magnets daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575323535515-JFQDL0HZJ4FH0HWUDEQ9/Jpeg_CeramicMag_Poster1.jpg Ceramic Magnets https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575329493791-IHOBFFZDBAJDYQJQKZSU/Ferrite-Production-Flow-Diagram.jpg Ceramic Magnets Figure 1 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/eos-lip-balm-sphere daily 0.75 2019-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575347846989-O0F7TNCLE5DD9C1A9958/EOS_LifeCycle_DES40A_Fall2019.jpg EOS Lip Balm Sphere http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cattree daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575403541396-PDRD2T0P96G0RIFBF2NY/cat-tree-poster.jpg Cat Tree http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nintendo-switch daily 0.75 2019-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575410204640-6DNDRPW801ODXU6HJS4H/poster.jpg Nintendo Switch http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-card daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575445169105-AWFGY7YJ1SMLOUE5VU40/Print+2-page-001.jpg Apple Card http://www.designlife-cycle.com/false-eyelashes daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575419490805-EOBOQ16AYBJYCE8K01CN/False+Eyelashes+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg False Eyelashes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/reusable-metal-straws daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575430442073-IUVLEQD1RIN0FS7MOKCB/DES40A+Metal+Straw+Poster.png Reusable Metal Straws https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575431159207-WS7PCIV5U3T2T3TZNV7C/Screen+Shot+2019-11-30+at+2.02.47+AM.png Reusable Metal Straws Source: Exhibit 1: The Making of Stainless Steel. Nickel Institute, https://www.nickelinstitute.org/media/1667/designguidelinesfortheselectionanduseofstainlesssteels_9014_.pdf. Pg 19. Accessed 26 Nov. 2019. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ball-mason-jar daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575419659869-6RQUMQQZOXVJZKY4JDR7/DES40A_poster.jpg Ball Mason Jar http://www.designlife-cycle.com/eno-sub6-ultralight-hammock daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575449673431-KIVUGIII5YBGIXC0J2NB/ENOSub6Lifecycle ENO Sub6 Ultralight Hammock https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575419707906-UB5UR9F4PKPSOYY0RD5W/Screen+Shot+2019-12-03+at+4.29.32+PM.png ENO Sub6 Ultralight Hammock https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575419855205-BB2VFQ5ZSVOYS5EH43PG/Screen+Shot+2019-12-03+at+4.29.42+PM.png ENO Sub6 Ultralight Hammock http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-13 daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575497447890-BNE26VMI4KEHIFU9SKN1/40Aposter-01.jpg Nylon Carpet http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-watch-series-4 daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575430613709-E86TN7I8SSQ5YBMHRY0C/DES-040A-Poster-2-%281%29.jpg Apple Watch Series 4 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bic-disposable-razor daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575429198651-XPH822393FR7JHV2C16P/DES40+Poster+razors.jpg BIC Disposable Razor http://www.designlife-cycle.com/scissors daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575433070113-UMRHV03O7I8UADRWFYLM/Scissors+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg Scissors https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575502502271-ZIU5FC9UXEYTAPNDBUYF/WechatIMG943+1.jpeg Scissors http://www.designlife-cycle.com/samsung-refrigerators daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575436376828-FDSQPE7FZGDQ8HUSKUFA/Lifecycle+Project+.jpg Samsung Refrigerators http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pinatex daily 0.75 2024-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575502540735-MCJ2VB2PU6G2MYSDHMDR/Pi%C3%B1atex+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Piñatex http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-39 daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575442103792-KOE1WFSOYOZ5NPKM3UF3/Screen+Shot+2019-12-03+at+10.47.53+PM.png Rainbow Sandals 301 ALTS http://www.designlife-cycle.com/numi-tea-bags daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575446008004-N6GWEISDMMHC7JSDFX50/Lin%2C+Christina+and+Peng%2C+Rosie+Numi+Tea+Bags+Poster.jpg Numi Tea Bags http://www.designlife-cycle.com/microwave-oven daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575446768945-MTZM70IGN0XXCWVZES7M/Microwave+Oven+Life+Cycle+Poster-01.png Microwave Oven http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vograce-acrylic-keychain daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575448583046-UPMOWFFWTV656Y7TF788/DES40AFinalProject.png Vograce Acrylic Keychain http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plasticroads daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575500045672-CKO42D0N8XJK0ZOOWWTA/Plastic-Road-Life-Cycle2.jpg Plastic Roads http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-30 daily 0.75 2019-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575513965207-OFXORWO5ZWQHJT6LICZE/Poster.jpg Toaster http://www.designlife-cycle.com/north-face-borealis-backpack daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575458573806-AXA777AKM66EQZXCJAN3/North+Face+Borealis+Poster+DES+40A North Face Borealis Backpack http://www.designlife-cycle.com/compostable-phone-case daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575473850854-T34E226K2Z0ZYUA6N29H/Pela+Phone+Case+Final+Project.png Compostable Phone Case http://www.designlife-cycle.com/adidas-slides daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575478480769-GG9RFRULTAMDRB3QRBDZ/Adidas+life+cycle.jpg Adidas Slides http://www.designlife-cycle.com/impossible-burger daily 0.75 2019-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575481402702-VU7HJ1TX95OGLHO0JU8V/Poster Impossible Burger http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fiberglass-insulation daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575482721373-N2292CZP8IR30LNVCBH6/DES40PROJECT2.jpg Fiberglass Insulation http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-44 daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575483606623-J8EBP41XMT13RUSH0GLR/DES40A+Poster+Final.jpg Fossil Bag https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575492071426-4MMXJE9B7HOQFK7SIPUM/83D34AB8FB054AB4AEE6A8B88EC835F4.jpg Fossil Bag Figure 1: The difference between RSL and MRSL is that the RSL (which was created by the LWG before 2015, the year the MRSL was published by the company) is list of chemicals in finished leather, rather than the tannery process and manufacturing, including the chemicals that are hazardous to the workers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575492132779-NN3GKK5WFIADBY9OV5M9/6AF3ADD0D74E4AD79B8893A91054CA4A.jpg Fossil Bag Figure 2: The chart above indicates what chemical formulations contribute to the waterborne waste, specifically Alkylphenol, a family of organic compounds that are commonly used in the dyes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575492205797-WI5Q41H8OBUA0IXVKORT/95D29A9390324E818234ADC668D00F61.jpg Fossil Bag Figure 3: The table is also from the MRSL, however this table indicates the airborne waste (Arsenic (As)) and solid waste (Chromium (VI)), both of which are used with caution and restriction in chemical suppliers. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lululemon-yoga-mat daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575495630945-LYFQWBE6GX9ZJPKSLYKR/Artboard+1.png Lululemon Yoga Mat http://www.designlife-cycle.com/chewing-gum daily 0.75 2024-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575491036954-28075NG9C9QXDZLOEY8K/Screen+Shot+2019-12-04+at+12.22.50+PM.png Chewing Gum http://www.designlife-cycle.com/luminaire-housing-unit daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575490573568-UQM31RMAY12BQ3O1GH5V/Roadway+LuminaireMerged.png Luminaire Housing Unit http://www.designlife-cycle.com/beautyblender daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575497559985-H5OS6FG01UQKQHW0KSDJ/jpgBeautyblender+Life+Cycle+Poster_compressed.jpg Beautyblender http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bamboo-toothbrush daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575497498098-JU3N3IARW8G2OWO9XWOA/Bamboo-toothbrushes.jpg Bamboo Toothbrush http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lava-lamp daily 0.75 2019-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575496606644-PSMXRCB8A7ZHECFR2V1K/Lava-Lamp-Poster-.jpg Lava Lamp http://www.designlife-cycle.com/basic-rainfall-collection-system daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575497899091-X4TYXOCGWXZ41M6IQPGS/Poster1.jpg Basic Rainfall Collection System http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tile-bluetooth-tracker daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575500239111-9XBAE2JO6HW6C0OEGLSN/DES40a+Poster+Michelle+%26+Cheryl.png Tile Bluetooth Tracker http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-84 daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575501153847-FJ91QDDQ4ETHQJHFPRVO/Untitled-3.png The Edge in Amsterdam http://www.designlife-cycle.com/spandex-sports-bra daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575501432456-1D7BW3AS0P6GVP0O76Z8/0001.jpg Spandex Sports Bra http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-93 daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575502203852-BLES541XD8327NB0T2Q4/FInal-Layout-save-for-web.jpg Non-Woven Polypropylene Bags http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tesla daily 0.75 2019-12-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575502943840-XM59DMSJM491P0NEG5J0/DES+40.pptx.jpg Tesla http://www.designlife-cycle.com/green-concrete daily 0.75 2019-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1575503190990-L2D6NCNA4F16VN5AY9S1/%E5%B9%BB%E7%81%AF%E7%89%871.JPG Green Concrete http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-architecture-topics daily 0.75 2026-03-13 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-digital-topics daily 0.75 2026-03-13 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-fashion-topics daily 0.75 2026-03-13 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-furniture-topics daily 0.75 2024-06-15 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-graphics-topics daily 0.75 2024-06-15 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-lighting-topics daily 0.75 2026-03-13 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-products-topics daily 0.75 2026-03-13 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/az-list-for-other-topics daily 0.75 2026-03-13 http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nike-space-hippie daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/60e87777-130d-4f6b-ae7e-726bb416d589/Nike+Space+Hippie+Poster.png Nike Space Hippie - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/eyeshadow-palette daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3f33c38a-06e7-4228-b446-be6cb67f562b/final+screencap.jpg Eyeshadow Palette - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mam-comfort-pacifier daily 0.75 2021-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/70df88b1-1cc5-4420-9b19-38d7acbaebf6/Design+40A+Lifecycle+Poster+11-30-21.jpg MAM comfort pacifier - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/perfume daily 0.75 2021-11-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/32152148-c07d-4c56-9447-bcbafb5eff5c/Perfume+%26+Cologne+Poster+%281%29.png Perfume - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/glazed-ceramic-tiles daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/958edbf6-52ef-4b8c-ac86-8f2bbbb5a920/tilelifecycleposter.jpg Glazed Ceramic Tiles - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/monobloc-chair daily 0.75 2021-11-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2c82ff2d-331d-4b6c-86dd-836770ba2d74/poster.jpg Monobloc Chair - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electric-toothbush daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2073e83a-cfcf-4095-a373-6444f448c2a4/Electric+Toothbrush.jpg Electric Toothbrush - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/beyond-meat daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/4281cf33-d6c1-4127-8215-ce947cb03679/DES+40A+-+Beyond+Meat+LCA+Poster.png Beyond Meat - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/alkaline-battery daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a63500f6-8f49-4db7-8abd-c7a55c61f06f/Alkaline+Battery+Poster.png Alkaline Battery - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sheep-inc-hoodie daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/16b737d8-019a-402c-bde8-319afc912540/1416660A-81AE-4CFB-94B5-9D631B976253.jpeg Sheep Inc. Hoodie - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/oil-paints daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/82bd1b04-55cd-49f4-a455-f0a1078d464d/DES40A_Poster_MKK_Digital.png Oil Paints - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rubber-duck daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/7514cec5-1d5d-4041-80f5-d8a8f4fc60e3/Rubber+Duck+Poster.jpg Rubber Duck - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ukulele daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/229e043f-e1e8-45c3-9807-312ad4792995/Ukulele+Poster.jpg Ukulele - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-pencil daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5e3830f9-7c21-439e-a26a-225f827eb70a/DES040A_FINAL+%40300dpi+%28Page+1%29.jpg First Generation Apple Pencil - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/harddrives daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c478bc60-5158-4710-ac2b-c445eb27d0ca/Hard+Drives+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Hard Drives - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-4 daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/aad88af4-ae0a-4fa0-a761-1b3ae7f3f5a2/Synthetic+Makeup+Brush+poster+%283%29.png Synthetic Makeup Brush - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disposable-masks daily 0.75 2021-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2e5013ce-0637-4d65-90fb-1427bbc4b175/Dispoable+Masks.png New Page - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/terra-cotta-roof-tiles daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/21ad9b6c-a678-42c0-8166-e86147369770/Product+Life+Cycle.jpg Terra Cotta Roof Tiles - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/canson-paper daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/61f2df49-be24-40e0-867e-79de24ec5951/Final+Poster-1.jpg Canson Paper - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a1d7ac03-a250-4a5d-acef-3a713333dc81/Screen+Shot+2021-11-13+at+2.08.47+PM.png Canson Paper - Make it stand out Tye Kenney, Jonathan. “Factors that Affect Fuel Consumption and Harvesting Cost.” Thesis, Auburn University, 10 May. 2015, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/6db4fa60-c8b4-47c1-910d-8155805edb96/Screen+Shot+2021-11-24+at+1.01.34+AM.png Canson Paper - Make it stand out Source: Kaplan, S. I.. Energy use and distribution in the pulp paper and boardmaking industries. 1977 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/86c22a74-2f97-4278-93c3-767936f71c6f/Screen+Shot+2021-11-23+at+3.40.31+PM.png Canson Paper - Make it stand out “Does It Take More Energy to Produce Recycled Paper? - Southern California Shredding.” Southern California Shredding - Servicing Areas: Orange County San Diego, Los Angeles County, and Riverside County, 5 Jan. 2021, ocshredding.com/2013/03/07/does-it-take-more-energy-to-produce-recycled-paper/. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/printed-circuit-board daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d7b6511b-08fb-4511-88ef-84e730e4bdb6/PCB+Poster+%28pic%29.PNG Printed Circuit Board - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/patagonia-synchilla-fleece-pullover daily 0.75 2024-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8fed74f1-6cdc-4249-a53d-92be87a3b5c1/des40a+poster-01.jpg Patagonia Synchilla Fleece Pullover - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/divacup daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b406b3dd-29b7-46ad-a458-2d568b7f2384/DivaCup+Life+Cycle+Assessment.jpg DivaCup - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/airpods daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/354b96f9-63ed-4f8c-a547-6922ae4664d5/Design40APoster-AirPods.png Apple AirPods - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/gold-plated-brass-jewelry daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9c061b68-4c81-49a2-9447-4612a274c877/life+cycle-01.jpg Gold Plated Brass Jewelry - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/air-filter daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/310874a6-ee54-4cdd-94ed-bd3260ab50e0/DES040PosterProject.jpg Air Filter - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/airplane-tires daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/57b6302b-bfd4-48f1-9802-4151c4f99a12/DES40Aposter.png Airplane Tires - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/canvas-shopping-bags daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/62b560f7-20cd-45f6-90f3-d51632ac6c7e/DES40A-Project+copy.jpg Canvas Shopping Bags - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/onewheel-xr daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/6c0f93f5-ce88-49ef-92e4-c7260304598d/DES+040+Poster.jpg Onewheel XR - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/whisk daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/976c079a-1f99-4b7b-a86c-f66b98266045/Whisk+Poster.jpg Whisk - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-53 daily 0.75 2023-03-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8aa18389-152a-4f9a-88e1-375e5040c65c/Glock+Gun+Poster.png Glock Gun - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/athletic-cleats daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/49949849-99a9-452d-b23f-cc65f02b0f86/DES40A+%282%29.png Athletic Cleats - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bc5018da-9396-4f7b-bcb1-28c565157e3d/image-asset.png Athletic Cleats - Make it stand out Fig. 1 Terephthalate is introduced to Ethylene Glycol https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/316a06a4-4809-42ec-8a2a-72847dd36d8a/Screenshot+%28320%29.png Athletic Cleats - Make it stand out Fig. 2 Spinneret and Stretching https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b926c615-a520-47c6-87e4-9cb15d8b5042/Screenshot+%28321%29.png Athletic Cleats - Make it stand out Fig. 3 Energy intake of Polypropylene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bd52e00c-0816-49e6-9d52-eac7ffe72f57/Screenshot+%28322%29.png Athletic Cleats - Make it stand out Fig. 4 Energy utilization of rubber industry https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/6134ff67-63d2-4d90-bdf5-fc832aafae9b/Screenshot+%28323%29.png Athletic Cleats - Make it stand out Fig. 5 Assembly process for athletic shoes http://www.designlife-cycle.com/beauty-sheet-mask daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/16911437-6e14-4032-a5c4-e7432e82ea17/DES+40+Poster.png Beauty Sheet Mask - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/woodfibericf daily 0.75 2021-12-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/db0566cf-3fbb-48e1-9a27-a657d3a10207/Wood-fiber+ICF+poster.jpg Wood-fiber Insulated Concrete Forms - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/yeti-tumbler daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bbd05bfe-ac07-4fe2-92a2-2e5c97d76372/LifeCycleYeti.jpg Yeti Tumbler - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/instant-coffee daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ae55e14f-6d24-409a-ad60-3a0318f4cbbf/Nescafe+Instant+Coffee+Poster.jpg Instant Coffee - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/kurosumi daily 0.75 2022-12-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/cd28f900-ff40-479b-8bf3-9406bf4ec716/Kuro+Sumi+Poster.jpg Kuro Sumi Eggplant Black Tattoo ink - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/shoelaces daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1342d3a2-23d3-4317-b07b-d405b762d04f/poster+final.png Shoelaces - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-iphone-12 daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9ac965ca-56ce-4c96-922c-972c8c5aa289/iPhone+12+Poster.jpg Apple iPhone 12 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/chanel-no5 daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/e1ccb477-fead-47f5-ac55-52f8639e5da9/DES040A_+Chanel+Perfume.jpg Chanel no.5 Perfume - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disinfectant-wipes daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/13c8e994-0d66-416c-bb20-f72c47d9014a/Disinfectant+Wipes+Poster-1.png Disinfectant Wipes - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/acrylic-paint daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1638431459182-EOWWJYROBVTNECWCDE63/DES040a+Acrylic+Paints+Life+Cycle+%281%29.png Acrylic Paint https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/15a984c5-89c2-4c90-8781-da1435a481db/DES040a+Acrylic+Paints+Life+Cycle+%281%29.png Acrylic Paint - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/746e9e6b-8b60-492b-8366-5394c0a8eea6/Screenshot+2021-12-02+041255.png Acrylic Paint - Make it stand out Table 1. A data summary of the most common ingredients involved in Golden Paints product line http://www.designlife-cycle.com/house-of-sunny-hockney-dress daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/f904d335-d488-4fd7-b74c-387d79b9d315/DES040A_Poster-page-001.jpg House of Sunny Hockney Dress - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/puff-bars daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1c093ea0-d691-45e5-9102-33195948c1fa/3366377d5e99408a9a315ac4c02eb2c8-0001.jpg Puff Bars - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-11 daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2c5b3bb9-d974-4176-9076-7a6d8c4451c1/Synthetic+Makeup+Brush+poster+%283%29.png Synthetic Makeup Brush - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/traffic-cone daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/122bb230-8807-413c-a43b-8f5a5b03fbc2/des_40_poster_page-0001.jpg Traffic Cone - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/latex-balloons daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/7aa31b26-b255-48e4-9bb9-d5d6b0b344c8/DES+040+poster+01+Artboard+1.jpg Latex Balloons - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/train-tracks daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/421fbb74-6c00-4e72-8263-2f03afb63e73/TrainTracks.png Train Tracks - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cartier-ring daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2158781f-8a99-4cee-be64-b4c76ed605c1/poster.jpg Cartier Ring - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/824c2264-ff71-4735-bd5c-ef070beb9580/graph.png Cartier Ring - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/vegan-dr-martens-chelsea-boot daily 0.75 2024-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/773f2532-52ed-4929-8e91-1a7c57ff4ab6/Vegan+Dr.+Martens+Chelsea+Boot.jpg Vegan Dr. Martens Chelsea Boot - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nintendo-wii daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/6e86c34d-acd0-4957-b252-a0239e61298d/NintendoWii_LifeCycle_DES40_FQ2021_FINAL_22x28.png Nintendo Wii - Make it stand out Nintendo Wii http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-airpods-max daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/0932611c-32fe-4177-bfff-07ef91c9dc13/FAB55CF4-C739-49D5-8D23-900931393A39.jpeg Apple AirPods Max - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/phone-cases daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c7dcf17d-aad6-4ad2-9066-a5b4bc63048d/life+project+poster+-+phone+case.jpg Phone Cases - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/yeti-rambler-water-bottle daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/28269283-855d-4c21-9255-dabfe3cfa86b/70C40F3E-2F85-4DD6-8D82-B6F0A772F47B.PNG YETI Rambler Water Bottle - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/biodegradable-golf-balls daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/f5dbb07e-cf3e-424b-a05e-f930f06a1978/DES40A_poster.png Biodegradable Golf Balls - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/converse-chuck-taylors daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c00ae874-690a-452e-b2db-9dc4547f20e3/converse+life+cycle+poster-01.jpg Converse Chuck Taylors - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/neutrogena-invigorating-face-wash daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a7e0ed60-3d3b-4200-91c0-e3e61b622d2a/Untitled_Artwork.jpg Neutrogena Invigorating Face Wash - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nvidia-gpu daily 0.75 2021-12-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/94a76e4e-2a48-4b05-a577-e35b189d956d/DES+40A+Final+Poster+.jpg Nvidia GPU - Make it stand out Nvidia GPU http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sunscreen daily 0.75 2023-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8a477d22-29ce-4dbd-a8b3-530b3efed14b/DES-40A-Poster.png Sun Bum Mineral SPF 30 Sunscreen Lotion - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hemp-cotton-blended-backpacks daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/dcad5a6c-6b9e-4111-be12-d80f5eb5682b/DES40A_POSTER.jpg Hemp Cotton Blended Backpacks - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/botts-dots daily 0.75 2024-04-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/72d9151f-2037-46f0-870b-4e80ad71423c/lcaposter1.png Botts' Dots - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ikea-fraka-bag daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/beb3ae5b-17ae-475b-b431-02a6557a53ea/ikea+bag+poster-2.png IKEA FRAKTA Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sonywh-1000xm4-headphones daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d4f700ef-5af5-44cd-9b69-efa7277e1491/Poster2.png Sony WH-1000XM4 Headphones - Make it stand out Our poster for Sony’s WH-1000XM4 Headphones. Unfortunately, the poster is cut off, but it’s there! http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pao-portable-lamp daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2459e17a-e347-457c-a2a8-991de554e667/Mushroom+Lamp+%282%29.png PAO Portable Lamp - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/roland-tr808 daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/38a0cbd7-124c-400a-8e17-8d44fb919c21/ROLAND+TR-808.png Roland TR-808 Drum Machine - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pimple-patch daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1a936efe-b1d0-41e0-81fa-4be41d0cb956/Pimple+patches+%281%29.png Pimple Patch - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/goretex daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8d089425-2f04-4463-9036-196b739fac21/goretex_poster_final.jpg Gore-Tex - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/glow-sticks daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/62fa36aa-0870-4be7-bd06-5083cfb24de9/Glow+Stick+Poster+%282%29_page-0001+%281%29.jpg Glow Sticks - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/stained-glass daily 0.75 2023-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bef7f7a5-bf44-476c-8488-993ac3dc6d49/F531E570-AF9B-4614-8751-4830A44D36A1.jpeg Stained Glass http://www.designlife-cycle.com/n95-masks daily 0.75 2023-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9d72beb0-6be1-46c8-bf72-4d83ab5da8d5/Life+Cycle+Analysis+N95+Masks.jpg N-95 Masks - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mejuri-diamond-letter-bracelet daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/0962808d-a6ee-4e98-8f90-dbff1a44d79a/Diamond+Letter+Bracelet+by+Mejuri-5.png Mejuri Diamond Letter Bracelet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-88 daily 0.75 2023-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/838e8ef4-047b-4e56-92af-b69ac048aa8f/monster+high+life+cycle+-+des+40a.png Monster High Dolls - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hoka-running-shoe daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/081b5370-6548-4e03-acea-bc0364b20ac1/Raw+Materials+HOKA+uses+about+25%25+of+their+cotton+from+sustainable+sources%2C+while+the+rest+results+in+carbon+emissions.+As+of+2022%2C+HOKA+shoes+did+not+use+wool%2C+but+previously+used+virgin+or+RWS+certified+wool.+All+l.png HOKA Running Shoe - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/girlfriend-collective-leggings daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/83650860-9394-435d-b2dd-61fd6068c147/Des40a+-+Girlfriend+Collective+Poster.png Girlfriend Collective Leggings - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/transparent-tv daily 0.75 2023-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3082264d-e8bc-4dc6-ab81-591d412101fa/DES40_Poster_Submission.png Transparent TV - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/orange-pill-bottles daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/e0d3b2ee-67a3-4c43-8667-1cd1376f2381/DES+40A+Project.png Orange Pill Bottles - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/wearable-insulin-pumps daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/988dcc3e-7d30-4b4e-a5c2-00ff2b997f86/des40A_LCAposter_W23.png Wearable Insulin Pumps - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/91dc8816-2ea9-4540-ba2d-afaaa77b74e8/Picture1.png Wearable Insulin Pumps - Make it stand out Figure 1: Product Life Cycle Stages and their Inputs & Outputs (SETAC 1992:xix) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-46 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5467cd73-39f2-4cbf-84eb-5fa85fd4e044/BD406B8A-BDC6-43A7-A49F-2C72016AAADF.png FREITAG Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-94 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/13e3adec-350c-4f46-9260-959f6c3c7e03/6300G+-+GRAND+COMPLICATIONS+%2828+%C3%97+22+in%29.png Patek Philippe Grandmaster Chime 6300G - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-79 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1061c218-526a-4869-b5f0-2d840b98d11d/DES40A_POSCA_PEN_LIFECYCLE_POSTER_BahadorJasmine_PadronBrenda_BrunkhardtLee.png POSCA Markers - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-34 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3301cc40-75b1-4652-9165-5b417a7e5254/Tayst+Compostable+Coffee+Pods+Life+Cycle-01.jpeg TAYST Compostable Coffee Pods - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/coffeesock daily 0.75 2023-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/cfb7c1fc-fc20-4925-8c56-82615ceb9ab0/Cotton+Coffee+Filter.jpg CoffeeSock - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/flute daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/26f3eaff-5bc9-4840-b846-f4c1785644d0/v.jpg Flute - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/glossier-you-perfume daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ad2377ba-bba2-4aa4-bb3d-72fdd58e03d6/FINAL+FOR+DES+40A.jpg Glossier You Perfume - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/shein-clothing daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1678927611580-FK42NPN05DGHZVAK96B1/The+Life+Cycle+of+Shein.png Shein Clothing https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5123cab3-ea2f-426b-b6c0-26cf5ba2d294/The+Life+Cycle+of+Shein.jpg Shein Clothing - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/wilson-football daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ebb08e9c-3192-4d57-8dc5-8e0f58d09006/The+American+Football+Lifecycle+Poster.jpg Wilson Football - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/da64ed97-64e3-433e-98a0-38662e105b57/leather+industry+process+and+ops.jpeg Wilson Football - Make it stand out Fig. 1. Advanced technological options for leather processing (Dixit, S., Yadav, A., Dwivedi, P. D., & Das, M. , 2014) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/fb97f41f-5679-4eb2-ad0a-1d85e7560519/leather+industry.jpeg Wilson Football - Make it stand out Fig. 2. Environmental impact of leather industry and technologies to combat the threat (Dixit, S., Yadav, A., Dwivedi, P. D., & Das, M. , 2014) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/soccer-ball daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5adaae4c-c5d1-4b53-b2f4-afbf58f54bfd/DES+40A+Soccer+Ball+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Soccer Ball - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/winsor-newton-watercolors daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9f508b07-5309-4f54-85a6-e9e5910b14d7/Watercolor-Poster2+%281%29.png Winsor & Newton Watercolors - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plackers-dental-floss daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bf08fb9c-132c-4d3d-84ae-dd587ca0b19d/Plackers+Poster+%281%29.jpg Plackers Dental Floss - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/gouache daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d6ef4f2f-7ad1-409d-a623-c94fdaa28d3d/DES40A+Gouache+Poster.png Gouache - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/american-vintage-ii-1957-stratocaster daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8cd6b898-bad6-438e-87d8-ae5a28e16a2c/DES+040A+Final+Poster.png American Vintage II 1957 Stratocaster - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/linen daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/00b3a7fe-b99e-47a9-b7c3-7053bd989226/linen+poster+final.png Linen - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/squishmallows daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/09f30e26-2670-458b-988c-f2c03572dae2/Squishmallows+Poster.jpg Squishmallows - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cdj3000 daily 0.75 2024-04-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d7e3ec9e-8047-45ca-a765-597c7bce949e/FINALPOSTER.png Pioneer CDJ-3000 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/scrub-daddy-sponge daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d1ab573e-f02e-4391-b95c-bfe22a33bbad/scrubdaddy_final.png Scrub Daddy™ - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hard-apple-cider daily 0.75 2024-05-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/38266102-f0b1-408f-bf7d-dd8ef4bc9526/Hard+Cider+LCA+%283%29.png Hard Apple Cider - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tennis-racket daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/0a51146c-694e-4469-8fc6-c2d90faf06b4/TENNIS+RACKET.jpg Tennis Racket - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/skateboard-deck daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/cecf5252-95bc-4d6e-bfe1-617b61409454/IMG_4843.jpg Skateboard Deck - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/warby-parker-glasses daily 0.75 2024-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/7f8f8626-3a0e-4096-9f4e-928d3a67b404/Warby+Parker+Glasses%2C+Lee%2C+Chen%2C+Barretto.jpg Warby Parker - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/expo-marker daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bb29405c-8198-46ee-a1e1-2778909f1ee2/Perez.Nelsy.Group.Poster.Des40A.png Expo Marker - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/corten-steel daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3267d640-1ceb-49e6-ae40-dd66104a5e0e/Corten+Steel+Life+Cycle+Poster+.png Corten Steel - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/leather-belts daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9cbb5a9e-ee5e-4a73-b724-707d979e0110/Leather+Belt+Lifecycle+Poster.jpg Leather Belts - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/piano daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/eb3c1a29-6adb-4de1-962d-b3ff869452d6/Piano.png Piano - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/yeezy-foam-runner daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/976e5c43-ae5f-4524-9c16-a0f758ec1e53/DES40_FOAM+RUNNERS.png Yeezy Foam Runner - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-89 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/914de818-7f67-4097-a638-116d3befb4e8/DES+40A+Poster-min.jpg Reed Diffuser - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bamboo-reinforced-concrete daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/f1f588d5-0b1c-4816-9e0e-b707a15d47a7/Bamboo+Reinforced+Concrete+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg Bamboo Reinforced Concrete - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/stanley-tumbler daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1a11d324-1622-43c8-91e0-30cc7cc4b58c/DES40A+Stanley+Tumbler+Poster.jpg Stanley Tumbler - Make it stand out Image Source: Stanley Website <https://www.stanley1913.com/products/adventure-quencher-travel-tumbler-40-oz.> Logo source: Stanley Website, open source https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/db96254b-758b-4f30-a18c-5cd01d306dfb/Research+Poster+.jpg Stanley Tumbler - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/wireless-charger-magsafe daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bf941e38-e4b0-4df1-9fad-506e2ba536a8/Magsafe+Poster+DES40.png Wireless Charger - Magsafe - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/toilet-paper daily 0.75 2024-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/567ad3d1-625f-4195-bdff-5f74ac44bb9c/Poster+Allen+and+Calvin.jpg Toilet Paper - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sharpie-highlighter daily 0.75 2024-04-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/16c64012-afd3-4926-a09d-57d45fb73407/Sharpie+Highlighter+Life+Cycle+Poster+.png Sharpie Highlighter - Make it stand out Sharpie Highlighter http://www.designlife-cycle.com/computer-mouse daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d976dc22-cfe6-43ce-a7aa-cc636cf24dec/DES+40A+Computer+Mice+Life+Cycle%281%29.jpg Computer Mouse - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/security-camera-1 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/22b69b54-757c-4d16-8aa5-53c5baee96a7/SecurityCameraLifeCyclePoster.jpg Security Camera - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fiber-optic-cables daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d7541ed7-eddd-4710-ba27-c41d9d1f2dba/fiber+optic+cables.jpg Fiber Optic Cables - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rare-beauty-soft-pinch-liquid-blush daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/540ae0ed-2a1e-411b-9d73-b4b85e33ec74/Poster.png Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/carhartt-detroit-jacket daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ff632a0e-85b8-4813-820c-d222ba11c517/DES040+Poster++%281%29.png Carhartt Detroit Jacket - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/patagonia-nano-puff-jacket daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1f1d597c-8b44-41fd-89e3-644350b6efa8/Poster+Image.png Patagonia Nano Puff Jacket - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/crocs daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5caedd39-baeb-411e-beb5-142d5d4ae61b/CROCS+PRODUCTION+LIFE+CYCLE.png Crocs - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/polaroid-film daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/fba4ba23-c8a2-48f1-88d8-0f15688f1361/DES40A+POSTER.png Polaroid Film - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electronic-dildo daily 0.75 2024-09-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/624ffcdf-89dc-403c-be60-c94e173c4192/Screen+Shot+2024-09-19+at+11.46.14+PM.png Electronic Dildo - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/roomba-614-robot-vacuum-cleaner daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9da1b63d-7d1e-4310-a92f-66131b99bc6c/Roomba+614+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg Roomba 614 Robot Vacuum Cleaner - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/gan-charger daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/44ca0412-e8a5-4912-a683-14e442a5554d/GaN+Charger+Life+Cycle+Assessment.png GaN Charger - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electric-scooter daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/f38334ce-3f1a-48ea-8c4b-d23f9235158a/design.png Electric Scooter - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/demonia-swing815 daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/614b3fd8-2116-45e5-b080-6698a1fceb13/DES+40A+Life+Cycle+Poster+%281%29.png Demonia Swing-815 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ba37fd04-5893-44e3-bf08-97c41cb72c1b/unnamed.png Demonia Swing-815 - Make it stand out (The graphic of PVC plastic production) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lululemon-leggings daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c1d6f350-aa26-4f37-92ab-8a0fb5582cfa/Lululemon+Leggings.png Lululemon Leggings - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/plasmonic-eyeglasses-for-color-deficiency daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/52a67886-cfff-4557-95ca-9b5908925c95/PlasmonicEyeglasses_DES40A.png Plasmonic Eyeglasses for Color Deficiency - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bloch-ballet-pointe-shoes daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/baa647e2-5210-403c-b7ba-56db87a3c54d/Raw.jpeg Bloch Ballet Pointe Shoes - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/creditdebit-card daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d2c22687-bf12-475c-b882-ecea0b6dabd4/DES40+Poster+-+Credit+Card.png Credit/Debit Card - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/id8-sneaker daily 0.75 2023-03-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9a22de38-fe66-453c-a37b-7efa3137f7e6/poster+image.png I.D.8 Sneaker - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/juice-box daily 0.75 2023-03-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/01be2978-0777-44af-ae9d-a7fd85ede696/JUICE+BOX+Poster.png Juice Box - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/enviroice-gel-pack daily 0.75 2024-05-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/62acf929-a656-47a9-a02b-d86efa6a6d17/EnviroIceGelPacksLCARevised.png EnviroIce Gel Pack - Make it stand out EnviroIce Gel Pack http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fly-fishing-rod daily 0.75 2024-05-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3b75fedb-2138-4284-9da8-586e75108a7c/flyRodPoster.jpg Fly Fishing Rod - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/blundstone-lug-boot daily 0.75 2024-05-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/0abe4433-820f-47eb-89d4-c8ef9dd163ca/LugBoot.png Blundstone Lug Boot - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/aquaphorhealingointmenttub daily 0.75 2024-06-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2d3c203e-011e-4b7a-9a6d-4a2125f43c88/DES40A+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg Aquaphor Healing Ointment Tub - Make it stand out Life Cycle of Aquaphor http://www.designlife-cycle.com/kleenex-soothing-lotion-tissues daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/59ace20c-2535-48ae-a323-b00c4e0db56b/DES+040A+Kleenex+Life+Cycle+Analysis.png Kleenex Soothing Lotion Tissues - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cleaner-cotton daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8b8cedfa-d4fe-42a0-938a-1deb73b6f8e6/Cleaner+Cotton+Life+Cycle+Poster+.png Cleaner Cotton - Make it stand out Cleaner Cotton http://www.designlife-cycle.com/allbirds-wool-runners daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/92750bc0-cc38-4f13-aa12-5850e25e14d0/DES+40A+Poster.png Allbirds Wool Runners - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/elmers-glue daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/64c12e7e-4d2f-4404-8cf6-db85c2259d76/Poster+DES+40.jpg Elmers Glue - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hawley-retainers daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ad7fe7c3-dc7b-491b-8e8c-20cbab4d817f/Life+Cycle+Retainers+%281%29.png Hawley Retainers - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cashmere-wool daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/4035de5d-0f53-446d-b5bb-2a972e629ea8/Life+Cycle+Analysis+of+Cashmere+Wool.png Cashmere Wool - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/gaming-chair daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/52866ace-346e-4801-903b-70b497c8886e/Gaming+Chair+Life+Cycle+Poster.png Gaming Chair - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/4-cube-organizer daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/e87f9626-6ccd-40d6-bf1f-c0d4682af49c/Ian+Mccue+Tom+Tang+David+hu.png Target 4 Cube Organizer - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-68 daily 0.75 2024-06-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/806695e5-132d-4d7f-a5fd-2c61d787545b/DES40A+Poster+%282%29.png Orbeez Water Beads - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-balance-530s daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d26a56fb-4e67-40f7-92db-2423b590058e/S24+DES40a+New+Balance+530s+LCA+Poster.jpg New Balance 530s - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sofia-vera-lotus-silk-jacket daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2e626bd6-3c1b-426e-a68b-f945ac0823b1/SULTANE+100%25+LOTUS+JACKET+POSTER.jpg Sofia Vera Lotus Silk Jacket - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disco-balls daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/36665fe4-83aa-4d56-8482-23489744604e/discoball.png Disco Balls - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/silicone-coated-fiberglass daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3f783b2b-cfcf-4f99-88c7-eb6c705f1fef/Beige+Minimalist+Shop+Open+and+Closed+Horizontal+Poster.png Silicone-coated Fiberglass - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/medina-piazza-shading-project daily 0.75 2024-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/31a20a57-d275-4723-bcab-fc58a85f01f5/Your+paragraph+text.png Medina Piazza Shading Project - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mccallumbagpipe daily 0.75 2024-06-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/49cec1e3-2bbb-4cc4-b7d4-264c644872af/Design+Life+Cycle-+Bagpipes.png McCallum Bagpipe - Make it stand out Life Cycle of McCallum Bagpipe http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-vision-pro daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2bc35866-9bb9-47d9-8e86-4dfca2d0633b/DES_40A_GRP1_Poster.png Apple Vision Pro - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pandora-charm-bracelet daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5255e8c0-93dc-47f9-a068-75734ea97684/pandora+bracelet+%282%29.jpg Pandora Charm Bracelet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/timberland-yellow-boots daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/933fc1ff-83d6-48f7-818a-7017f567e3df/DES40A+Poster+%281%29.png Timberland Yellow Boots - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/puremagnolia-rowan-wedding-gown daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/e9a7c364-15aa-406d-b136-456556678521/researchposter.png PureMagnolia Rowan Wedding Gown - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/taipei-101 daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/f06a3bc1-5924-4358-bd9b-f83b18bb8ea9/Design+40A.png Taipei 101 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nars-powder-blush daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/48b901bc-7f62-49b1-a25c-af123f068002/DES040+NARS+Blush+Poster.png NARS Powder Blush - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/melitta-paper-coffee-filters daily 0.75 2024-06-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1717691025194-RRS8U29JEUPEP9DWAU1Y/DES+40A+-+Research+Project+Poster+Final+%281%29.jpg Melitta Paper Coffee Filters https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ffd6c95b-4c74-42b4-82c5-8ee6ed56cecb/DES+40A+-+Research+Project+Poster+Final-1.png Melitta Paper Coffee Filters - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bubble-wrap daily 0.75 2024-06-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/83331663-2f19-409f-b6e7-4a124ce49675/Copy+of+DES40A+Bubble+Wrap+Poster.png Bubble Wrap - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/coach-tabby-bag daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/176e9b72-e91b-4246-9902-b7ac8646d0c1/Life+Cycle+of+Coach+Tabby+.png Coach Tabby Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pirelli-formula-1-tires daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/db7a973e-81b0-4673-94f3-c8e22f7c0c56/FORMULA+1+TIRE.jpg Pirelli Formula 1 Tires - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-87 daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/91ce0a41-b76e-44ba-9f92-99ddd91ade38/Screenshot+2024-06-05+at+11.03.52%E2%80%AFAM.png Hawaiian Tropic Sunscreen - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/disposable-plastic-cups daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a434da37-021c-4f88-9f58-a72a0e761c05/Disposable+Plastic+Cups.png Disposable Plastic Cups - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-29 daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d3972df7-c321-4b51-a1aa-218f00d79295/License+Plate.png License Plates - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b203e898-9f5c-4b63-9b8d-b0ec799ade15/NMAH-2003-19224.jpg License Plates - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/65408bda-5303-4d6b-a430-1885bbca85f2/Screenshot+2024-06-06+at+9.01.41%E2%80%AFAM.png License Plates - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b1a5e333-520e-4225-8494-ae8c84840da5/Screenshot+2024-06-06+at+9.39.55%E2%80%AFAM.png License Plates - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/button-pins daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/596fbda5-2330-41a4-b92d-8fb2dd96a0c8/LCAButtonPins.jpg Button Pins - Make it stand out Life Cycle Assessment of Button Pins http://www.designlife-cycle.com/crescent-bag daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/0891d730-dbf0-4c40-b95e-aada2f948fa7/Des+40+Poster.jpg Baggu Nylon Crescent Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/eeed4585-f0f8-4ff5-873c-3335d356e990/Screenshot+2024-06-05+141601.png Baggu Nylon Crescent Bag - Make it stand out Figure 1 https://www.textiletriangle.com/sm/spinning/melt-spinning/ Shows the process of the spinneret https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/389030bd-efff-41c3-aee0-f5bf3f8684ca/Screenshot+2024-06-05+141612.png Baggu Nylon Crescent Bag - Make it stand out Figure 2: The sewing machine shown on BAGGU website https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/5eaf62f0-fed2-46be-8795-3222d2da56d7/Screenshot+2024-06-05+141623.png Baggu Nylon Crescent Bag - Make it stand out Figure 3: SSINA Shows the process of making stainless steel http://www.designlife-cycle.com/teddybear daily 0.75 2024-06-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/979c2cdc-c032-444b-ba9e-b707ef138877/Life_cycle_of_a_teddy_bear_poster_2.0.jpg Teddy Bear - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/statue-of-liberty daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a9a1fa0b-df14-4fc8-97ae-a53f803816c2/DES+40A+-+Group+Project+Statue+of+Liberty.jpg Statue of Liberty - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/mountain-dwellings-by-big daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/32a2546d-d6d2-4a26-ab82-71967801e88b/Mountain+Dwellings.jpg Mountain Dwellings by BIG - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-macbook-air-m3 daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2c9748df-6637-435f-8cbe-9751a1936549/Poster.png Apple MacBook Air M3 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/victorias-secret-bombshell-tshirt-bra daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b333960c-f1c4-4d84-b7e3-8ab4e10e3cfb/posterdraft.jpg Victoria's Secret Bombshell T-shirt bra - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/valle-san-nicolas daily 0.75 2024-06-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1901d409-2742-40e7-9c0a-731aa88b03be/final.jpg Valle San Nicolas - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/north-face-1996-nuptse-jacket daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ee258e42-d3aa-4bed-a2e9-9ad861cd2e46/The+North+Face+1996+Nuptse+Jacket+Product+Life+Cycle.png North Face 1996 Nuptse Jacket - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/coperni-air-swipe-bag daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1717640769104-3A87ONA9BQHTG97J35V1/Coperni+Airswipe+Bag+Lifecycle.png Coperni Air Swipe Bag https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/4713a071-4457-4153-a283-1395f1b633d0/Coperni+Airswipe+Bag+Lifecycle.png Coperni Air Swipe Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/e114aadc-87ab-4525-bb43-177a5b32410c/unknown.jpeg Coperni Air Swipe Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/7c3f8c47-64c0-4551-95cd-8bfe6ac6edca/IMG_1441.png Coperni Air Swipe Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/concrete-pools daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d20cf909-7dbb-45b5-92cf-e3e2d00a5294/Final+DES+40A+Concrete+Pool+Poster-1.png Concrete Pools - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/python-skin-handbags daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/592e5c80-2736-4c05-99b2-a3156ce8d4d9/Python+Skin+Handbags.jpg Python Skin Handbags - Make it stand out Image Sources: Python skin png: https://www.google.com/urlsa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstock.adobe.com%2Fsearch%3Fk%3Dsnake%2Bskin%2Bbackground&psig=AOvVaw0jho7WTJs__zF9IaZRS4Qn&ust=1717108482678000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCNDyqN71s4YDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE Python skin bag png: https://media.balmain.com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,dpr_auto/w_auto/sfcc/balmain/hi-res/CN1DB526LFPC9AHF?_i=AG Background png: https://www.peakpx.com/en/hd-wallpaper-desktop-aslml http://www.designlife-cycle.com/apple-homepod daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/207c8303-b825-45b3-8832-0b99fc238d7a/1717648706044-d1f8ff45-7f7b-4b74-a155-ac0462b9068d_1.jpg Apple HomePod - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/rhode-peptide-lip-treatment daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1f086603-bb89-4bc3-889e-2d01166bd751/DES40APoster.jpg Rhode Peptide Lip Treatment - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nalgene-bottle daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2a344c9c-5b45-4e2f-8935-0947084e10f8/nalgene+poster.png Nalgene Bottle - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hempcrete daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/969e5166-9e9d-4094-84c1-c8f084d04241/LCA+Poster+Hempcrete+%281%29.png Hempcrete - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/teflon-pan daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ab3f811d-3069-4f47-8602-a91ca08cceb0/NonStickPosterFinal-Rev-1.jpg Teflon Pan - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ping-pong-paddle daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/257af240-5a57-4010-82bc-53d1088ee4f6/Ping+Pong+Paddle-2.jpg IMPACT D5 Smart Grip Ping Pong Paddle - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/compostable-produce-bags daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/0f3d23af-1370-4d71-a431-b56a919a0d0a/Compostable+Produce+Bags+Poster.png Compostable Produce Bags - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/optical-fingerprint-scanners daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/849a4e5d-8c15-45c4-9381-3a300482676a/DES+40A+Poster+%2824+x+22+in%29.png Optical Fingerprint Scanners - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/kodak-film-roll daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/80bc53d8-1a82-4566-9a9e-acde6610add3/DES+poster+%284%29.jpg Kodak Film Roll - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/kodak-oled-display daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2f2b802a-bc0d-4c55-ab1d-067f5ed93ae1/KODAK+OLED+POSTER.png KODAK OLED Display - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/27e0e221-dd8f-42e9-937a-1368a9e4b267/OLED+GW.png KODAK OLED Display - Make it stand out (New York State Pollution Prevention Institute) http://www.designlife-cycle.com/roger-dubuis-excalibur-spider-mt-dbex0545 daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/73b8876b-1025-42d1-9b48-4becdc025c71/DES+040+-+Project+Poster.png Roger Dubuis Excalibur Spider MT - DBEX0545 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-23 daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/70739664-0243-4cc3-a1ea-d620105aa636/Skull+Panda+Blind+Box+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpg SKULLPANDA Blind Boxes - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lamy-safari daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/992bd905-3f4b-4a41-98c5-dd7a5a5b51a4/Artboard+1-100.jpg Lamy Safari Fountain Pen and Ink - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pavegen-tile-flooring daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8950eb27-924c-4c13-85c7-59f7f77a046f/Screenshot+2024-06-06+at+8.18.53%E2%80%AFAM.png Pavegen Tile Flooring - Make it stand out First the materials that make up Pavegen followed by The energy that Pavegen produces followed by The waste Pavegen produces as a whole http://www.designlife-cycle.com/recasetify daily 0.75 2024-06-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2b14c8fe-a185-4235-9daf-9b1aa4394b77/Re%3ACASETiFY+Life+Cycle+Poster.jpeg Re/CASETiFY Phone Case - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/command-strips daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d76cf676-088b-419d-a535-0354506d6d79/3MBrandKit.jpeg 3M Command Strips - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/funko-pops daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/07fce0a4-b892-4d79-99ba-f0256c81b425/Funko+Pop+Poster+3.0.png Funko Pops - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/swimming-goggles daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d18ee2fc-b666-4d31-9849-a69013a7c75e/Desktop+-+1+%281%29.png Swimming Goggles - Make it stand out Swimming Goggles Life Cycle http://www.designlife-cycle.com/drones daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/19aaf0e1-0654-4340-8e43-74a9d3ce6058/436710596_481787001029251_5310435544900919834_n.png Drones - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/bodum-chambord-french-press daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/d917f1bb-96fa-42b7-9ec3-33035fe9cd8c/Bodum+Chambord+French+Press+Poster++%2828+x+22+in%29.jpg Bodum Chambord French Press - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hermes-mycelium-bag daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/7ec191d9-d49a-4015-bb6b-e8e424bc6701/Mycelium+Bag.png Hermes Mycelium Bag - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-58 daily 0.75 2024-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c3b4307f-714f-40a1-b607-8717a119bc4f/DES+Poster.jpg Shampoo - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/3d-printed-building daily 0.75 2024-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/cd0788e8-8c76-46f2-8dcf-425ac62d2221/3Dprintedbuildingsmall.png 3D Printed Building - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ektest daily 0.75 2026-03-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8608709b-2908-4558-885e-8529c754d6b2/peer+eval+sample+2026.png EK test - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/zip-cloud-hoodie daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/6633a9c4-6d48-49a9-ab3b-efccb78f2a99/Chow_Naomi_Final+Poster.jpg Zip Cloud Hoodie - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ink-tank daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9ca1b392-decf-49e1-8084-64d4de088d88/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE+2026-03-13+115557.png Ink Tank - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/moxi-roller-skates daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/4e2663f3-cd9d-48d3-9dfa-81f0487d2fdf/DES40A+Poster+Outline.png Moxi Roller Skates - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/bd57e9d7-6beb-4add-a01d-44b751ec23e7/6103NvlbnAL._AC_UF1000%2C1000_QL80_.jpg Moxi Roller Skates - Make it stand out Figure 1. Polyurethane roller skate wheels. Polyurethane is a petroleum-based polymer that provides durability, grip, and vibration absorption, making it the most common material used for roller skate wheels (Larios et al.). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8a04f03f-b535-471c-94af-af7759a36b3e/Screenshot+2026-03-06+at+11.55.06%E2%80%AFAM.png Moxi Roller Skates - Make it stand out Figure 2. Leather roller skate boot used in many Moxi skates. Leather is produced from animal hides that are chemically treated through the tanning process to create a flexible and durable material for skate boots (RollerSkateNation). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b1889b4e-65c2-452c-8995-d91491ab79f9/a-breakdown-of-roller-skate-components-the-anatomy-of-a-roller-skate.jpeg Moxi Roller Skates - Make it stand out Figure 3. Diagram showing the main components of a quad roller skate, including the boot, plate, trucks, wheels, and toe stop. These parts are made from different raw materials such as leather, metal, rubber, and polyurethane (RollerSkateNation). http://www.designlife-cycle.com/barbells daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/06fe8be6-a3db-450f-b983-a0e4fd81d893/DES_40a_Poster_Barbells.png Barbells - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/grip-tape daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/08ee9c49-214d-48dd-8ca7-1563c1510aee/Grip+Tape Grip tape - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/eggheads-sculpture daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2d5e282f-892b-4dde-9cdf-ba78b2cef4f5/Egghead+Poster+%282%29.png Eggheads Sculpture - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/le-creuset daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3243f766-5c8e-4c7a-ac00-814c8468a110/League+Gothic-4.png Le Creuset - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/hdmi-cable daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3d317aca-dd37-42f6-aa68-16a3e0dd127c/Life+Cycle+of+an+HDMI+Cable.png HDMI Cable - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/sabre-pepper-spray daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/41f46a35-308e-4b39-ac9c-57bd3dc4c86e/Final+Poster+Design.png SABRE Pepper Spray - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/oura-ring daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/2261c510-8e21-489c-abff-368f593377aa/DES40A+-+Oura+Ring+Poster.png Oura Ring - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electric-fireplace daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c11bc7b3-68ce-4e98-a0e4-713cbd3d9fd4/Electric+Fireplace.png Electric Fireplace - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/climbing-holds daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3fcbb520-6f9e-40c6-812a-646c6eebb9d1/DES40+Project+Poster+-+Climbing+Hold.jpg Climbing Holds - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/solar-panels daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1db5fe5e-1ef9-4329-a2f1-f959f088e393/Final+Paper.png Solar Panels - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/pearl-necklace daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/cbce11ee-a7c2-44d2-a343-9d6f001caa66/TIFFANY+%26+CO.png Pearl Necklace - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/nylon-tight daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/1a88d63b-ba09-47e8-ba82-f691a9452306/Young_Toni_Poster.png Nylon Tights - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/racing-helmet daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/4ea62dc4-06af-4ec1-9207-bd9648dcc7e7/Life+Cycle+of+Racing+Helmet+%283%29.png Racing Helmet - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/oil-pastels daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/625df052-9514-47f6-b091-2022afb00ce2/DES40_Poster_Final+copy.jpg Oil Pastels - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/brake-pads daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/cafeb407-e800-474f-b02e-f7196667d595/Final+Poster+%281%29.png Brake Pads - Make it stand out Poster for LCA of Brake Pads http://www.designlife-cycle.com/cotton-duck daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b068a3a9-d221-40ff-95eb-744f31e83ace/Cotton+Duck+Lifecycle+Asessment.png Cotton Duck - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/new-page-1 daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/eeac31d1-69e2-4f94-a3af-cbebc1fed8ee/warner_owen_des40_poster.jpg Acrylic Yarn - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/safety-razor daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9c70eeab-fe64-4a47-bbf4-584198ee9015/Screen+Shot+2026-03-12+at+10.43.54+PM.png Safety Razor - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/test daily 0.75 2026-03-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/56364ece-d797-446b-a23a-89097e3e1a06/sample+poster EK Test - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/playdoh daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b750df9a-d6cf-4eea-9826-943d43a2323d/LCA-Poster_Play-Doh_W2026.jpg Play-Doh - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ac94dd5f-1131-4d65-8a2a-879374a5098a/Titanium-Oxide_lifecycle.png Play-Doh - Make it stand out Illustration of Titanium Oxide Lifecycle analysis (Dai). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/8bc3e4a5-1aee-496b-9260-793010fc08a2/Plastic_Waste.png Play-Doh - Make it stand out Graph featured in World Economic Forum (North) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/ca35f81c-9e4f-49f8-a37f-4c414910a011/Concrete_Plastic_Mix_Strenght.png Play-Doh - Make it stand out Presence of PP in concrete mix as a function of Concrete’s compressive strength (Alnahas). http://www.designlife-cycle.com/jellycat daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/9415e01b-124e-490e-8370-de97f1225194/Version+3.png Jellycat - Make it stand out Jellycat Bashful Bunny Lifecycle - Mara Alagon, Madeline Cheung, Zoe Chan http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ps4-controller daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/74e1dafa-d589-463d-83de-008220e800be/PS4+Controller+LCA+Poster.png PS4 Controller - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/tennis-ball daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a140da6f-6c66-4f9b-a169-44cc8d31abaf/Sotelo_Penny_Poster.jpg Tennis Ball - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/3471b873-411b-4754-b141-fc88f5161da1/Wimbledon_Graphic.jpg Tennis Ball - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/snow-globe daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/65474580-cca4-4ec3-ba65-10988b306f12/SnowGlobe_Poster.jpg Snow Globe - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/orthopedic-shoes daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/b33aeb25-e6dd-4a50-baee-e733b8b24734/DES40A+Orthopedic+Shoes+Poster.png Orthopedic Shoes - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/shark-flexstyle-air-drying-and-styling daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/21ead069-bb54-4cb8-b239-2aa6a4adc952/Screenshot+2026-03-12+at+10.14.43+PM.jpg Shark FlexStyle Air Drying and Styling - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/guitar-pick daily 0.75 2026-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a90a1c0c-d384-4f55-adbe-df636ffad898/TORTEX+Dunlop+Pick.png Guitar Pick - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fire-extinguisher daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a19277a9-7cb6-404c-b783-991487e93210/ons+f.png Fire Extinguisher - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/handwarmers daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/7bd118c4-5aa2-4b97-a107-eb68171b24ed/DES40APoster300.jpg Handwarmers - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/ikea-varmblixt-lamp daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/88fc8ed6-7faa-4f93-9c95-b2cca47df867/IKEA+VARMBLIXT+LAMP+%281%29.png Ikea Varmblixt Lamp - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/skullpanda-you-found-me daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/23c75a7a-4e62-4622-924f-89bb3efef3c9/Final+poster.png SKULLPANDA You Found Me! - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/uv-resin daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/e1a0c5ff-2810-450b-8058-f5fbafc82aa1/DES40A+UV+Resin+Life+Cycle+Poster.png UV Resin - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/100-natural-hair-wigs daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c60f78c9-fff5-48f7-9ad0-c4ccedb42577/Final+Version+%281%29.jpg Natural Hair Wigs - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/electromagnets daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/c0ff5daf-03a2-41df-9cef-b5069c3b5151/EM-LifeCycle.jpg Electromagnets - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/lifesaverflotation-device daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/da830006-b155-4560-8675-983aca86ff43/Life+Saver+-+Poster+Final+%281%29.jpg Lifesaver/Flotation Device - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/liquid-cooling-charging-cables daily 0.75 2026-03-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/6f20b539-dd25-4316-9025-19d0a4ada56f/poster+draft.png Liquid Cooling Charging Cables - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.designlife-cycle.com/fire-alarm daily 0.75 2026-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5388de33e4b01b17bc0d1ed7/a61b7fbb-9380-4830-84c5-8d0b3aacc0f2/Smoke+Detector.pptx_page-0001.jpg Fire Alarm - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.